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 1645 - 1671 (26 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1645 | - 1645: England - Formation of Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army; Battle of Naseby; Charles I defeated by Parliamentary forces
- 1645: CA - For the next 18 years, under the proprietorship of Richelieu's company's colonial agent, the Community of Habitants, the new French colony takes shape along the St. Lawrence.
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| 2 | 1646 | - 1646: England - Charles I surrenders to the Scots
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| 3 | 1647 | - 1647: England - Parliament tries unsuccessfully until 1648 to treat with Charles I, who is trying to secure help from France, Scotland or Ireland; Parliamentarians try unsuccessfully to fulfill their agreement with Scots
- 1647: England - Scots surrender Charles I to Parliament; he escapes to the Isle of Wight; makes secret treaty with Scots
- 1647: NL - Overlijden Frederik Hendrik. Stadhouder Prins Willem II.
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| 4 | 1648 | |
| 5 | 1649 | - 1649: England - Long Parliament (Rump Parliament) confiscates land; House of Lords abolished; Charles II, meanwhile in exile on Continent, travels to Scotland, signs Covenant, Scots support him
- 1649: England - Nicholas Culpeper, Herbalist, wrote the pseudoscientific A Physicall Directory. It listed plants and their supposed healing properties based on the plants resemblance to the human body parts.
- 1649: England - Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector, ruler of England to 1658. Commonwealth & Protectorate.
- 1649: Ireland - Cromwell harshly suppresses Catholic rebellions
- 1649: London, England - The Commonwealth, in which England is governed as a republic, is established and lasts until 1660
- 1649: CA - For the next 15 years, the Beaver Wars: Encouraged by the English, and the need for more beaver for trade (their own area being hunted out), Haudenosee (Iroquois) make war on Hurons (1649), Tobaccos (1649), Neutrals (1650-51), Erie (1653-56), Ottawa (1660), Illinois and Miami (1680-84), and members of the Mahican confederation. English, pleased with this, agree to 2-Row Wampum Peace treaty, 1680.
- 1649: CA - The Jesuit father Jean de Brébeuf is martyred during Iroquois raids on the Hurons at St-Ignace (March 16).
- 1649: NL - Aanleg van Zuidwending.
- 30 Jan 1649: London, England - Execution of Charles I
- 16 Jun 1649: CA - The Jesuit missionaries at Sainte-Marie among the Hurons abandon the mission, burning it to the ground and taking refuge at Christian Island.
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| 6 | 1650 | |
| 7 | 1651 | - 1651: England - Navigation Act passes, forbids exportation of goods except in all-English ships, foreign merchants and goods prohibited in England and colonies, strengthened in 1660
- 1651: England - Thomas Hobbes, in Leviathan, argued from a mechanistic theory that man is a selfishly individualistic animal at constant war with others. In the state of nature, life is 'nasty, brutish, and short.'
- 3 Sep 1651: England - Charles II invades England and is defeated at Battle of Worcester; Charles escapes to France
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| 8 | 1652 | - 1652: England - First Anglo-Dutch War
- 1652: France - Cookbook Le Cuisinier francois by La Varenne is published.
- 1652: NL - Eerste Engelse oorlog.
- 1652: NL - Jan van Riebeeck sticht de Kaapkolonie.
- 1652: US - Massachusetts General Court licenses traders going from Massachusetts to Acadia.
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| 9 | 1653 | - 1653: England - England victorious in battles against Spain and aids France against Spain; England becomes leading naval power and important military power; restores legal rights to Jews
- 1653: England - Oliver Cromwell dissolves the 'Rump Parliament' and becomes Lord Protector
- 1653: CA - Marguerite Bourgeoys (Born Troyes, France April 17, 1620 Died January 12, 1700) the first school teacher in Montreal, arrives from France.
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| 10 | 1654 | - 1654: America - A bridge in Rowley, Massachusetts begins charging a toll for animals. People pass for free.
- 1654: Armagh, Ireland - James Ussher, Protestant archbishop of Armagh, determined by a close reading of scriptural genealogies that the events described on the first page of the Book of Genesis occurred in 4004 B.C.
- 1654: England - Treaty of Westminster between England and Dutch Republic
- 1654: CA - For the next 5 years, Pierre-Esprit Radisson, French Sieur de Groselliers, encounters a lot of tribes throughout New France, New England, and what is now the U.S. midwest. Adopted by a Mohawk family, who take him to Hudson Bay, there he changes sides and becomes English, participates in the formation of Hudson's Bay Company, and charter of Rupert's Land to it in 1670, deftly switching country allegiances several times France-England-France-England during the process. Ends up English. Today principally remembered by a hotel named after him in Minneapolis.
- 1654: CA - Port Royal seized by Robert Sedgwick. He would hold on to Acadia until 1670.
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| 11 | 1655 | |
| 12 | 1656 | - 1656: England - Christiaan Huygens built the first pendulum-regulated clock. Two years later, Huygens, in Horologium, claimed that his clock could establish longitude at sea which was not then possible and had led to many maritime disasters.
- 1656: England - Second Protectorate Parliament
- 1656: England - War with Spain (until 1659)
- 1656: NL - Rembrandt van Rijn wordt failliet verklaard.
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| 13 | 1657 | - 1657: France - Stockings are manufactured in France.
- 1657: FR - Sulpicians, a Catholic Society of Apostolic Life named for Eglise Saint-Sulpice, Paris, who run missions, come to North America.
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| 14 | 1658 | - 1658: CA - Marguerite Bourgeoys (Born Troyes, France April 17, 1620 Died January 12, 1700) established the Congregation of Notre Dame, the first uncloistered order of nuns in North America.
- 14 Jun 1658: England - Battle of the Dunes, Spanish defeated by Anglo- French army; acquisition of Dunkirk
- 3 Sep 1658: England - Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by son Richard
- 3 Sep 1658: England - Richard Cromwell, Lord Protector. Ruler of England to 1659. Commonwealth & Proctorate: 3rd son of Oliver.
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| 15 | 1659 | - 1659: America - The celebration of Christmas was banned in Boston (until 1681). The pilgrims believed it to be a decadent celebration.
- 1659: London, England - First cheque drawn
- 1659: CA - A vicar apostolic, the Jesuit-trained Bishop Francois X. de Laval-Montmorency (1623-1708) arrives in Quebec in June as vicar general of the pope to take command of the missions and to found parishes.
- 2 Feb 1659: South Africa - Jan van Riebeeck, the first governor of the Cape of Good Hope made the first wine from grapes grown at the Cape.
- 25 May 1659: England - Richard Cromwell forced to resign by the army; 'Rump Parliament' restored
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| 16 | 1660 | - 1660: England - Charles II, ruler of England to 1685. House of Stuart (restored): Eldest son of Charles I, died without issue. De Jure King from 30 JAN 1649.
- 1660: England - Two houses of Parliament and Church of England restored, land returned to rightful owners; 'Dissenters' born (Quakers, Baptists, Congregationalists, etc.)
- 1660: Furtwangen, Germany - Cuckoo clocks made in the Black Forest region.
- 1660: New Amsterdan, America - Asser Levy from Portugal, applied for a license to sell kosher meat. He was the first kosher butcher in the city that was to become New York
- 1660: CA - Adam Dollard des Ormeaux and about sixty others withstand an attack by over 500 Iroquois at Long Sault (May). It is traditionally said that the small party fights so well that the Iroquois decide not to attack Montreal.
- 1660: US - Dutch governor-general Peter Stuyvesant decides to hold Indian children hostage for the behavior of increasingly angry tribespeople. Hostages sold into Caribbean plantation slavery.
- 29 May 1660: London, England - Charles II, aged 30, rides into London, people go mad with joy
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| 17 | 1661 | |
| 18 | 1662 | |
| 19 | 1663 | - 1663: England - James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope.
- 1663: CA - Laval organizes the Seminaire du Quebec, a college of theology which eventually becomes Université Laval (1852).
- 1663: CA - New France has a population of about 2,000.
- 1663: CA - The French Crown takes personal control of Canada from a private company, which becomes a royal province. Louis XIV's brilliant minister J. B. Colbert reorganizes New France directly under royal authority. Administration is divided between a military governor and a more powerful intendant, both ruling from Quebec City but under orders from Paris. The fur trade is granted to a new monopoly, the Company of the West Indies.
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| 20 | 1664 | - 1664: New Amsterdan, America - England siezes New Amsterdam from the Dutch, changes name to New York
- 1664: CA - Hans Bernhardt is the first recorded German immigrant.
- 1664: NL - Hendrik Casimir II wordt stadhouder van Friesland.
- 1664: US - The British invade and conquer the Dutch at New Amsterdam, renaming it New York. England gains control of New Netherland from the Dutch and become allies and trade partners with the Iroquois.
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| 21 | 1665 | - 1665: Germany - Rudolph Jacob Camerarius was born. A botanist, he showed the existence of sexes in plants, and identified the stamen and pistil as the male and female organs.
- 1665: Netherlands - Great Plague kills 1/5 London population;
- 1665: CA - For the next 7 years, Jean Talon (c.1625-94), the first intendant of New France, sets out to establish New France as a prosperous, expanding colony rivaling the thriving English colonies to the south. He invites many new settlers, including young women. He also tries to diversify the economy beyond furs and to build trade with Acadia and the West Indies. Talon is recalled before he can carry out his policies, however.
- 1665: CA - The Carignan-Salières Regiment is sent from France to Quebec to deal with the Iroquois. Many of its members stay on as settlers.
- 1665: NL - Tweede Engelse oorlog.
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| 22 | 1665-1666 | - 1665-1666: NL - Tijdens de 1e oorlog met Barend van Galen, bisschop van Munster, trekken Munsterse soldaten stropend door Emmen. (over aantallen verschillen de meningen)
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| 23 | 1666 | - 1666: England - First European printed paper banknote issued
- 1666: London, England - The Great Fire of London began in the shop of the King's baker. After burning for four days, more than 13,000 buildings had been destroyed.
- 1666: CA - The Carignan-Salières Regiment destroys five Mohawk villages, eventually leading to peace between the Iroquois and the French.
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| 24 | 1667 | - 1667: Medway River, Kent - Dutch fleet defeats the English
- 1667: CA - First census of New France records 668 families, totalling 3,215 non-native inhabitants.
- 1667: NL - New York wordt in Breda verkwanseld aan de Britten.
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| 25 | 1668 | - 1668: England - Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
- 1668: Europe - Triple Alliance of England, Netherlands, and Sweden against France
- 1668: CA - Pierre-Esprit Radisson and Medard Chouart, sieur de Groseilliers, explore west of the St. Lawrence River as far as Lake Superior, plus the Hudson Bay region, for England.
- 1668: CA - The Carignan-Salieres regiment is recalled to France, but several hundred choose to remain behind, many in return for local seigneuries.
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| 26 | 1669 | - 1669: England - Isaac Newton circulated a manuscript, De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, the first notice of his calculus.
- 1669: CA - HBC Ft. Charles, at foot of James Bay, becomes Ft. Rupert.
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| 27 | 1670 | - 1670: America - Hudson's Bay Company founded
- 1670: Cologne, Germany - At Cologne Cathedral, the choirmaster makes sugar sticks to give to the young singers in the choir, to keep them occupied during the Living Crèche ceremony: the first candy canes.
- 1670: England - Secret Treaty of Dover between Charles II of England and Louis XIV of France to restore Roman Catholicism to England
- 1670: England - Over a 20 year period 80,000 Huguenots come to England, majority are silk workers, by 1689 40,000 families make living by silk
- 1670: France - Dom Pérignon invents Champagne.
- 1670: CA - 1670: Charles II (England) charters Hudson's Bay Company in London. Underwritten by a group of English merchants, HBC is granted trade rights over Rupert's Land -- i.e., all territory draining into Hudson Bay (May 2). No treaties or compensation to the First Nations there (mostly Ojibwe, Cree peoples) until the late 19th and early 20th century; no treaties ever made on large expanse east of Bay.
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| 28 | 1671 | - 1671: England - Game Laws prevent majority of citizens from hunting, even on their own land
- 1671: Germany - Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.
- 14 Jun 1671: CA - At Sault Ste. Marie, four Jesuit priests led by Father Claude-Jean Allouez representing the Roman Catholic Church, and Simon Francois Daumont, Sieur de St. Lusson held aloft a sword and a symbolic tuft of sod, and declared to the indigenous First Nations peoples that all of the Great Lakes country was henceforth a possession of King Louis XIV of France.
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