Timeline: Abraham van der LAAN: The ZUURDEEG Family

	Date	Event(s)
1	1690	1690: Ireland - Battle of the Boyne: James II defeated, flees into exile 1690: India - The English found Calcutta 1690: England - John Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690: Salem, Massachusetts - The first shipment of bananas arrived in the colonies 1690: CA - Sent by Massachusetts, Sir William Phips captures Port Royal (11 May). Frontenac repels Phips' attack on Quebec (October). These events are part of what is sometimes called King William's War.
2	1691	3 Oct 1691: Limerick, Ireland - The Treaty of Limerick allows Catholics in Ireland to exercise their religion freely, but severe penal laws soon follow. The French War begins
3	1692	1692: England - Retribution against Catholics who helped James II until 1710, lands confiscated, given to Protestants; harsh laws passed against Catholic religion and trade 1692: NL - De jenever wordt volksdrank. 13 Feb 1692: Glencoe, Scotland - The Glencoe Massacre occurs 3 Aug 1692: England - Battle of Steinkirk and Battle of Lande (against France), both defeats for England, through into 1693 22 Oct 1692: CA - Marie Madelaine Jarret de Vercheres defends the family fort with a handful of seniors and children against the Iroquois, a true youthful hero of New France.
4	1693	1693: England - Richest counties: Middlesex (with London), Surrey, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire; Poorest Counties: Cheshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland
5	1694	1694: England - Death of Queen Mary; King William now rules alone. 1694: England - Foundation of the Bank of England 1694: England - Triennial Act sets the maximum duration of a parliament to three years
6	1695	1695: England - Lapse of the Licensing Act
7	1696	1696: CA - European fur market collapses as fashion temporarily changes, leading to an increase in colonist settlers wanting permanent land to clear and farm.
8	1697	1697: England - Peace of Ryswick between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France ends the French War 1697: England - Civil List Act votes funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household 1697: England - Blasphemy Act in England 1697: After almost a decade of guerrilla warfare, the Peace of Ryswick merely confirms the status quo, even returning Acadia, captured by the English, to the French. England and France make temporary peace in 1697 (Treaty of Ryswick). 10 Nov 1697: England - Birth of William Hogarth (died 1764), bitter satirical artist of great genius, chronicling social evils of the times
9	1698	1698: England - Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses. 1698: Russia - Tsar Peter the Great begins taxing men with beards
10	1699	23 May 1699: America - John Bartram was born. A naturalist and explorer, considered 'father of American botany'; established a world renowned botanical garden in Philadelphia in 1728.
11	1700	1700: England - Population of England and Wales estimated at 5.5 million 1700: England - Population of English colonies in America, 200,000 1700: CA - Population of Acadia is 1,400. Clear that New France is not going to be self-sufficient. 1700: NL - Invoering van de Gregoriaanse kalender in Friesland. Op 31-12-1700 volgde 12-01-1701. 26 Jan 1700: CA - The Cascadia Earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes on record, ruptures the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, creating a tsunami that wiped out the winter village of Pachena Bay leaving no survivors.
12	1701	1701: England - The Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. William III forms a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession breaks out in Europe over the vacant throne 1701: England - Death of James II in exile, King Louis of France recognises James's son as King James III 1701: England - Jethro Tull invents the seed drill. 1701: CA- Peace treaty signed between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French and English. 1701: CA - Detroit, Michigan founded as Fort Pontchartrain du détroit by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac. 1701: CA - War of the Spanish Succession begins in Europe; spreads to North America (Queen Anne's War) in 1702. 1701: NL - Lodewijk XIV bezet de Zuidelijke Nederlanden.
13	1702	1702: England - Death of King William III in a riding accident. He is succeeded by his sister-in-law. 1702: England - Queen Anne, ruler of England to 1714. House of Stuart (restored): 2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirs. 1702: England - Queen Anne's War: England declares war on France as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. English Colonies vs France 1702-1713. 1702: England - England tries to prevent grandson of Louis of France from taking Spanish throne; John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, instrumental in uniting England, Holland, Austria and Germany against France (period to 1713) 1702: England - Freehold yeomen represent one eigth of population of England. Substantial tenant farmers represent a little less; coffee houses become popular 1702: CA - For the next 11 years, The short-lived Peace of Ryswick collapses with the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, which erupts in the colonies as Queen Anne's War. It ends with France losing North American territory to Britain. 1702: NL - Willem III van Oranje-Nassau overlijdt aan de gevolgen van een val van zijn paard op Hampton Court.
14	1703	1703: Epworth, Lincolnshire, England - Birth of John Wesley. By 1784, 356 Methodist chapels built in places lacking church 1703: CA - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil becomes Governor of New France.
15	1704	1704: England - Johann Sebastian Bach began composing music 1704: Gibraltar - British capture Gibraltar from Spain 1704: CA - French destroy the English settlement at Bonavista, Newfoundland. 13 Aug 1704: England - British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim
16	1706	1706: London, England - The Evening Post, first evening newspaper issued 23 May 1706: Netherlands - British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands
17	1707	1707: Great Britain - The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London 1707: CA - Port Royal is attacked twice by the English from Massachusetts.
18	1708	1708: NL - Strenge winter : vorst van 24 December tot in Mei. 11 Jul 1708: England - The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarde. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
19	1709	1709: England - Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit constructed an alcohol thermometer 1709: Great Britain - Quaker Abraham Darby discovers coal-smelting technique for producing pig-iron, replaces charcoal method 1709: England - Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano. 1709: CA - In New France, slavery becomes legal. 11 Sep 1709: England - Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet
20	1710	1710: Great Britain - A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government 1710: Great Britain - Wooden panelling replaces tapestry as wall covering 1710: CA - The English recapture Acadia, this time permanently, and rename it Nova Scotia. 1710: CA - Francis Nicholson captures Port Royal for England. 1710: CA - The English take Port Royal and name it Annapolis Royal. 1710: UK - Three Mohawk chiefs and one Mahican are received in Queen Anne's court in England as the Four Kings of the New World. 1710: CA - The Mandan Indians west of the Great Lakes begin to trade in horses descended from those brought to Texas by the Spanish. Itinerant Assiniboine Indians bring them from Mandan settlements to their own territories southwest of Lake Winnipeg.
21	1711	1711: Great Britain - Englishman John Shore invents the tuning fork. 1711: US - Tuscarora War on North Carolina frontier fought between British settlers and Tuscarora Indians. Remnants of this Iroquoian tribe migrate north. 1711: NL - Johan Willem Friso, erfstadhouder van Friesland, verdrinkt in het Hollands Diep.
22	1712	1712: Great Britain - Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine. 1712: CA - Fox resistance against the French in the Great Lakes area.
23	1713	1713: Europe - The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, thus concluding the War of the Spanish Succession 1713: CA - At the conclusion of Queen Anne's War - Maine Abenakis and Iroquois from Quebec (Caughnawaga) attack the English colonists on behalf of the French, but lose. The European nations negotiate their settlement at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); Louis XIV cedes Hudson Bay, Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland (but not Cape Breton Island or St. John's Island) to Great Britain. 1713: US - Turcarora War (North Carolina) -- Under the English Col. John Barnwell, then Col. James Moore, the Tuscarora Nation was repeatedly attacked, its chiefs tortured, its people sold (10 pounds sterling each) into slavery. The survivors fled northward and settled among the Haudenosee (Iroquois) 5 Nations. 1713: CA - After loss of lands to England in the Treaty of Utrecht, France starts building Fortress Louisbourg near the eastern tip of l'Ile-Royale. 1713: NL - Via Azië en Rusland bereikt de (1e) veepest epidemie ons land.
24	1714	1714: Great Britain - Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole 1714: Great Britain - Quaker John Belles urges founding of hospitals as training grounds for medical students; Board of Longitude created, £20,000 competition for accurate maritime charts and maps 1714: Great Britain - George I,ruler of England to 1727. House of Hanover: Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. Proclaimed King under Act of Settlement. 1714: Great Britain - Rioting by Tory and Jacobite mobs commonplace in London (unemployed soldiers, craftsmen), passage of Riot Act, giving increased power to Justices of the Peace through to 1715 1714: Great Britain - During period to 1742 there are no big increases from population of about 5.5 million but the distribution changes: East Anglia loses; West Country, South and East Midlands, East Riding and North (except Tyneside) fairly static; West Riding and South Lancashire increase; West Midlands, Surrey and Middlesex grow rapidly with London (London 500,000, Bristol 50,000; Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Halifax, Birmingham and Coventry, no longer sprawling villages, but still under 50,000); cause is immigration from cities and (in NW) from Ireland
25	1715	1715: Great Britain - Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant 1715: Scotland - The Jacobite Rebellion begins in Scotland with the aim of overthrowing the Hanovarian succession and placing the 'Old Pretender' - James II's son - on the throne. The rebellion is easily defeated 1715: Great Britain - The Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years
26	1716	1716: Italy - John Lombe steals plans for silk manufacture, returning to England he and brother Thomas build vast factory on island at Derby 1716: Scotland - James Lind was born. Lind was a Scottish physician who recommended that fresh citrus fruit and lemon juice be included in the seamen's diet to eliminate scurvy. The Dutch had been doing this for almost two hundred years. 1716: CA - Jacques Talbot came to Montreal as a schoolmaster.
27	1717	1717: Great Britain - Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended 1717: Europe - England allies with French and Dutch against Spanish, Spanish brought to heel in 1718 1717: Great Britain - Edmond Halley invents the diving bell. 1717: Great Britain - John Lombe in England invents a machine for 'throwing' silk which produces a strong twisted thread 1717: CA - Fort Kaministiquia was founded by French merchants to be the first in a series of forts reaching westward to expand trade and seek a route to the western sea. (Daniel Greysolon Dulhut had built a fort, (Fort Caministigoyan), at the same location on the Kaministiquia River in 1679.) 1717: NL - Bij een stormvloed tijdens de kerstmis komen in Groningen en Friesland 5000 mensen om.
28	1719	1719: Great Britain - The South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined after speculating with stock of the South Sea Company 1719: British North America - The first potato planted North Amercia was planted in Londonderry Common Field, New Hampshire.
29	1720	1720: Great Britain - Dr. Richard Mead publishes Short Discourse Concerning Pestilential Contagion, advocates quarantine, proposes establishment of government Council of Health; inoculation against smallpox introduced from Constantinople by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1720: Great Britain - Hospitals founded in London: Guy's, St. George's, London & Middlesex in period to 1745 1720: Meiringen, Switzerland - Invention of meringue is attributed to an Italian pastry chef named Gasparini. 1720: US - French forts along the Mississippi River spread northward from New Orleans. 1720: UK - Lord Baltimore sponsors expedition to bring settlers to Newfoundland.
30	1721	1721: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury. He remains in office until 1742 and effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister 1721: CA - 800 Acadians take oath of allegiance to the French.
31	1722	1722: Great Britain - First written reference to Stilton cheese in William Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum, letter V 1722: Great Britain - Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched 1722: France - C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher. 1722: US - The Tuscarora become the sixth tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy.
32	1723	1723: Great Britain - Legislation allowing parishes to create 'unions' or workhouses, to prevent escape of children they could be manacled 1723: Great Britain - Excise Act, restrictions removed on exports, duty removed on imports of raw materials; London builds bonded warhouse for tea, coffee and chocolate 1723: New England, USA - Dummer's War 1723-1726. 1723: NL - Grens tusschen Onstwedde en Pekela geregeld. 16 Jul 1723: Devon, Great Britain - Birth of Sir Joshua Reynolds (died 1792), arguably finest English landscape and portrait painter, career 1750-1780
33	1724	1724: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle develops passion for electioneering politics, becomes Secretary of State, controls government patronage for nearly 40 years 1724: Great Britain - Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.
34	1725	1725: CA - Claude-Thomas Dupuy was appointed intendant of New France. 1725: CA - Peter the Great sends Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific. 30 Apr 1725: Great Britain - Treaty of Vienna: Austria and Spain resolve differences
35	1726	1726: Scotland - First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his Gulliver's Travels 1726: Great Britain - English peers number 179, about 130 of whom are active 1726: CA - Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois was appointed as Governor of New France. 1726: CA - Thomas-Jacques Taschereau arrived in New France (Canada) as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy.
36	1727	1727: Great Britain - Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover) 1727: Great Britain - The Gentleman's Magazine, first modern magazine, published 1727: Great Britain - Rev. Stephen Hales publishes Vegetable Staticks, important contributions to chemistry and botany 1727: Great Britain - Provincial newspapers have increased from 8 in 1700 to 25 in 1727 1727: Great Britain - George II, ruler of England to 1760. House of Hanover: Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg. 14 May 1727: Great Britain - Baptism of Thomas Gainsborough, portrait painter influenced by Sir Joshua Reynolds
37	1728	1728: France - Pierre Fauchard, in The Surgeon Dentist, described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word dentist. 1728: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye was appointed commandant of the French posts on the north shore of Lake Superior and stationed at Fort Kaministiquia 1728: CA - Vitus Bering sails through the Bering Strait.
38	1729	1729: Great Britain - Alexander Pope publishes his Dunciad 1729: US - Natchez attacked French Fort Rosalie and French settlements nearby after the French commander of the fort, Sieur Chepart, ordered them to abandon their village of White Apple. The Natchez wiped out the entire settlement and captured Fort Rosalie. In 1730 and 1731 the French, aided by the Choctaw, launched two counterattacks out of New Orleans, capturing and selling into plantation slavery most of the tribe and its smaller allies. A few bands found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee. 1729: NL - De Dokkumer Nieuwe Zijlen aangelegd. 1729: NL - Willem IV stadhouder in de gewesten Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe en Gelderland.
39	1730	1730: Great Britain - A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend 1730: Ireland - Famine strikes 1730: Great Britain - In early part of 1700s, death rate had surpassed birth rate; begins to reverse; after 1780 death-rate plummets - due to replacement of gin-drinking with beer-drinking after taxes increased and retail sales curtailed on former in 1750; medical care improves, as does agriculture, more food available 1730: Great Britain - Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, discovered the element cobalt. Cobalt is used in steel making, and is an essential part of vitamin B12. 1730: UK - Seven Cherokee chiefs visit London and form an alliance, The Articles of Agreement, with King George II. 1730: CA - The Mississauga drive the Seneca Iroquois south of Lake Erie. 1730: NL - De aardappel wordt in ons land geintroduceerd, een Zuid-Amerikaans product.
40	1731	1731: Europe - Second Treaty of Vienna, Austria and Spain smooth out remaining differences 1731: CA - Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake established by Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye. This was the first fort in La Verendrye's expansion of the "Posts of the West". 1731: CA - For the next 12 years, the La Verendrye family organize expeditions beyond Lake Winnipeg and direct fur trade toward the east. 1731: NL - De paalworm teistert ons land, de worm vreet de palen in onze dijken op.
41	1732	1732: British North America - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America 1732: Great Britain - The English banned American made hats to protect domestic haberdashers. 1732: CA - Fort St. Charles, on Lake of the Woods was constructed by La Vérendrye's nephew, Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and his eldest son Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye.
42	1733	1733: Great Britain - The Excise Crisis occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise 1733: Europe - Further cementing of relations between Austria and Spain 1733: Great Britain - John Kay invents the flying shuttle. 1733: CA/US - Vitus Bering's second expedition, with George Wilhelm Steller aboard, the first naturalist to visit Alaska.
43	1734	1734: Great Britain - Walpole returned to power with smaller majority, power weakened 1734: CA - Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye establishes Fort Maurepas (Canada) on the Red River about five leagues south of Lake Winnipeg, third of the main La Vérendrye posts. (St. Pierre on Rainy River; reactivated; Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods.) 1734: CA - A Montreal slave named Marie-Joseph Angelique learns that she is to be sold to someone else. In an attempt to escape, she sets a fire in her mistress's house. The fire can not be contained, causing damage to half of Montreal. She is caught, tortured and hanged, bringing attention to the conditions of the slaves.
44	1735	1735: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau came to Fort St. Charles with La Vérendrye to carry out his duties as a missionary. 1735: NL - Jan Klatter, schuitvaarder van Pekela op Groningen.
45	1736	1736: Great Britain - John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude 1736: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle now controls clerical (religious) patronage 8 Jun 1736: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau, Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and 19 French voyageurs were headed from Fort St. Charles to Montreal via Fort St. Pierre. On their first night out they were massacred by Sioux warriors on a nearby island in Lake of the Woods.
46	1737	1737: Scotland - Porteous Riots 1737: America - Spain begins to attack British trade 1737: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 15, 1701 Died December 28, 1771) and some friends in Montreal, begin taking in the poor and educating abandoned children. 20 Nov 1737: Great Britain - Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
47	1738	1738: Great Britain - John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain 1738: Europe - Third Treaty of Vienna settles Polish question, gives Lorraine to France 1738: CA/US - Smallpox strikes the Cherokee in the Southeast, killing almost half the population. Smallpox also reaches tribes in western Canada. 1738: CA - Ester Bradeau, in the guise of a cabin boy, is the first known Jewish woman to arrive in Canada. Eventually she is deported to France for failing to embrace the Roman Catholic religion 1738: CA - Fort Rouge (the fort), built on the Assiniboine River near the Forks. 1738: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye travelled southwest from Fort La Reine to the area of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota.
48	1739	1739: Europe - Britain goes to war with Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish 1739: Great Britain - First 'Lying-in hospital' for women 1739: Europe - War with Spain, War with France; Britain uses German and Dutch mercenaries 1739: NL - De vroeg ingevallen strenge winter zorgt voor hongersnood.
49	1740	1740: Europe - Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe 1740: Great Britain - For stealing a handkerchief from the person a child could be hanged by the neck until dead 1740: Great Britain - Publication of the first novel, Samuel Richardson's Pamela 1740: British North America - War against France (to 1748) 1740: India - British War against the French, Major Stringer Lawrence and Robert Clive win for Britain (period to 1748) 1740: Great Britain - Quaker Benjamin Huntsman discovers method of making high-quality cast steel 1740: Europe/US - For the next 8 years, The War of the Austrian Succession, with the American counterpart King George's War. 1740: NL - Begin van 't koffiedrinken.
50	1741	1741: Ireland - Further famine, population about 4 million 1741: CA - First Fort Dauphin, was built near Winnipegosis, Manitoba. 1741: CA - Vitus Bering, in service of Russia, reaches Alaska; Russians soon trade with natives for sea otter pelts. 1741: CA - Fort Bourbon established near present day Grand Rapids, Manitoba. 1741: CA - François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil appointed commandant at Fort Kaministiquia.
51	1742	1742: Great Britain - Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Great Britain - Beginning with a bull calf from the cow Silver and two cows, Pidgeon and Mottle (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole resigns after criticism for advocating mercenaries; John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville succeeds him 1742: Williamsburg, British North America - The Compleat Housewife, or Accomplish'd Gentlewoman's Companion is the first cookbook published in America 1742: CA - First scientific report on the North Pacific fur seal. 1742: CA - First Fort Paskoya built by La Verendrye at Cedar Lake.
52	1743	1743: Great Britain - Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 1743: CA - Concentrated hunting of sea otter by Russia begins. 1743: CA - Father Claude-Godefroy Coquart joins La Vérendrye at Fort La Reine 27 Jun 1743: Germany - Battle of Dettingen - King George II is victorious
53	1744	1744: Great Britain - King George's War: French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744-1748. 1744: Treaty of Lancaster (English-Iroquois). 1744: CA - Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont succeeded Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye as the Commandant of the western French forts. 15 Mar 1744: France declares war on England
54	1745	1745: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole dies 1745: Great Britain - E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor. 1745: Western Highlands, Scotland - Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James III, lands and triggers a Jacobite Rebellion 1745: Great Britain - Scots reach Derby; 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' is inexplicably persuaded to turn back, loses initiative 1745: Scotland - The secret formula for Drambuie liqueur is given to the Mackinnon family by Prince Charles Edward. 1745: NL - De landbouw wordt geconfronteerd met de tweede veepestepidemie. 11 May 1745: Fonteney, Austrian Netherlands - Battle of Fontenoy (Flanders/Belgium), George's son, Duke of Cumberland, leads Britain's defeat 17 Jun 1745: CA - Louisbourg surrenders to English after six-week siege. 21 Sep 1745: Scotland - a Scottish victory at the Battle of Prestonpans
55	1746	1746: England - William Pitt (the elder) enters government 1746: Typhoid fever epidemic breaks out among the Micmac of Nova Scotia. 1 Mar 1746: CA - Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, was appointed governor general of New France 16 Apr 1746: Culloden, Scotland - Battle of Culloden, Scots defeated by Cumberland; fails to capture Charles who, after five months, escapes to France 16 Apr 1746: UK - The Battle of Culloden (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Chùil Lodair) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. It was the last land battle to be fought on mainland Britain. Culloden brought the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—to a decisive defeat. 30 Aug 1746: CA - Duc d'Anville, a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America. Oct 1746: CA - Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.
56	1747	1747: Great Britain - Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes 1747: Great Britain - Art of Cookery, by Hannah Glasse is published. 1747: British North America - The oldest cattle ranch in the US was started at Montauk on Long Island, New York. 1747: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 1701 Died December 28, 1771) founds the Sisters of Charity or the Grey Nuns of Montreal. 1747: NL - Willem IV wordt erfstadhouder van alle gewesten. 11 Feb 1747: CA - Nova Scotia, a surprise mid-winter attack is launched about three o'clock on the morning on Col. Arthur Noble's detachment of British troops from Massachusetts, by a French and Indian force under Nicholas Antoine Coulon de Villiers. Noble and about 70 of his men were killed.
57	1748	1748: CA - Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), including Louisbourg is returned to France by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties. 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties. 1748: NL - In Amsterdam worden op de Dam twee plunderaars opgehangen. 18 Oct 1748: Great Britain - The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
58	1749	1749: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 41, children 1 in 15 during period to 1758 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg. 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career. 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg. 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career.
59	1750	1750: Great Britain - The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the 'forbidden fruit' of Barbados 1750: Scotland - Royal Infirmaries are founded in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen 1750: Great Britain - Tea-drinking begins to rival alcohol-drinking 1750: Great Britain - Population of England and Wales estimated at 6.5 million 1750: Great Britain - During period to 1780 English countryside takes on today's familiar apearance as accelerated enclosure produces small fields surrounded by hedges, fences and walls 1750: CA - The Ojibwa begin to emerge as a distinct tribal amalgamation of smaller independent bands. 1750: CA - German immigrants begin to arrive in numbers at Halifax. 1750: NL - Het sterfjaar van Johann Sebastian Bach.
60	1751	1751: British North America - Benjamin Franklin published Experiments and Observations on Electricity after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Great Britain - Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne 1751: CA - Fort Le Jonquiere was established in 1751 by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre on the Saskatchewan River (probably in the Nipawin, Sask. area). 1751: NL - Willem IV overlijdt. Willem V wordt de eerste onbenoemde stadhouder.
61	1752	1752: Great Britain - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Great Britain - Sir John Pringle (1707-1782), Scottish Army physician, publishes Observations on Diseases of the Army, institutes rules for camp hygiene, clothing and diet, shows how dysentery and malaria spread, identifies hospital / camp / gaol (jail) / ship fever as typhus 1752: EU - Start of The Seven Years' War, King George's War: -- English (in New Canada) and French (in New France) duke it out, with Indian allies on each side. Both sides build forts or fortify trading posts in Indian country on the above map. Choctaw, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Cherokee, some Creeks, fight against English; Mohawks, Chickasaw fight for English against French. 1752: CA- French kill Miami chief, fortify the Ohio Valley region with forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio River 1752: CA- -La Corne began a three-year appointment as the western commander of the poste de l’Ouest 1752: UK - The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar. 1 Jan 1752: Great Britain - Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain 23 Mar 1752: CA - Canada's first newspaper, the weekly Halifax Gazette, appears
62	1753	1753: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Naturalization of Jews Act 1753: Great Britain - James Lind (1716-1794) Scottish Navy physician, publishes Treatise on Scurvy; Sir Gilbert Blane, Scottish Naval surgeon, enforces strict rules regarding cleanliness, improves health, lifespan of sailors 1753: CA - The 2nd Fort Paskoya built at a new location which became the Pas. 1753: CA - A trading post, to be later known as Fort de la Corne was built just below the junction of the two branches of the Saskatchewan. 1753: CA - Fort Rouge rebuilt by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at its original location.
63	1754	1754: Great Britain - First royal troops disembark in India; Takes 4.5 days to travel London to Manchester 1754: France - Antoine Beauvilliers was born. He was a French chef who founded the first luxury restaurant, La Grande Taverne de Londres. 1754: CA - Anthony Henday travels west from Hudson Bay onto Plains, meets natives on horseback and sees Rocky Mountains. 1754: CA - France sends 3,000 regulars to Canada. Fort Duquesne is built. Benjamin Franklin says the British Colonies will have no peace while France holds Canada. Ango-French competition in the Ohio Valley sparks conflict. 28 May 1754: Washington, with a few men, attacks Jumonville, with thirty followers, near the confluence of the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers. Jumonville and nine of his command are killed. The rest are taken prisoners. The French allege that, before firing began, Jumonville signaled that he had a proposal to make; but Washington says that he observed no signal.
64	1755	1755: Great Britain - Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary. 1755: CA - William Johnson, British superintendent of Indian affairs in the northern colonies, persuades the Iroquois League to break its neutrality and side with England against France. 1755: The Great Expulsion begins. English Expulsion of the French Acadians -- who lived and intermarried with Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Miq'maks (many of whom were also taken). Forcibly loaded into ships and deposited randomly along the southern (now American) coasts, many (probably 1/3 to 1/2) died. Some are ancestors of the Cajuns of Louisiana, and a few made their ways back home. Acadians were idealists, hostile to King and Church authority, who lived in peace with the Miq'maks. Neither the French rulers nor the English wanted them. 23 Mar 1755: Great Britain - Josiah Spode was born; the inventor of Fine Bone China. 16 Jun 1755: CA - Fort Beausejour, garrisoned by 400 Frenchmen, is surrendered to Col. Winslow, of Massachusetts, commanding 2,300, of whom 300 are regulars. Jul 1755: CA/US - Seven British Colonial Governors form a Treaty with the Iroquois, and project a federal union for carrying on war, under a president to be named by the King. 8 Sep 1755: US - Baron Dieskay, with 1,500 French and Indian troops, overcomes Col. Williams, with 1,400 English and Indians, near Fort George. Immediately afterwards, the French attack Col. Johnson's force, barricaded at Fort George, but are repelled, with heavy loss. The two commanders are wounded, and the two opposing Indian chiefs are killed. Baron Dieskay is captured by the English, who dress his wounds and earn his life-long gratitude by their kindness. Nov 1755: US - For his success at Fort George, Col. Johnson is made a baronet, with a grant of 5,000 pounds.
65	1756	1756: Great Britain - Mayonnaise invented to commemorate a victory at the start of the Seven Years War, the successful seige of English-held St. Philip's Castle 1756: Europe - Britain, allied with Prussia, declares war against France and her allies, Austria and Russia. The Seven Years' War begins 1756: CA - France sends two battalions to Canada, with provisions, and 1,300,000 livres, in specie, which has the effect of depreciating the paper currency by 25 per cent. 1756: NL - De geboorte van Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mar 1756: CA/US - A Canadian force of 300 captures Fort Bull, between Schenectady and Oswego, and puts the garrison to the sword. May 1756: CA - Montcalm reaches Quebec with 1,400 soldiers. 20 Jun 1756: Calcutta, India - Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla takes the city and English prisoners suffocate in Black Hole; Robert Clive brings 2000 sepoys (Indian soldiers) from Madras to avenge, retakes Calcutta 14 Aug 1756: CA/US - Though opposed to attacking any British fort, Montcalm, at the head of 3,100 regulars, Canadians and Indians, captures Fort Oswego, - a success attributable, mainly, to his intercepting a message to General Webb, commanding 2,000 men in the vicinity. Colonel Mercer is killed. The garrison (1,780) and about 100 women and children are taken prisoners.
66	1757	1757: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder becomes Prime Minister 1757: India - Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain 1757: Great Britain - John Campbell invents the sextant. 17 Mar 1757: CA/US - In four nights 1,500 French Canadians and Indians destroy the out-works of Fort William-Henry. 30 Jul 1757: CA/US - Seven thousand men are collected to attack Fort William Henry. 9 Aug 1757: CA/US - Fort William Henry, garrisoned by 2,200, capitulates. Violating the terms of capitulation, Indians kill, or recature, many of the garrison, whereupon Montcalm exclaims: "Kill me, but spare the English who are under my protection."
67	1758	1758: Great Britain - Dolland invents the achromatic lens. 1758: Great Britain - Ribbing machine developed in England to make Jedediah Strutt stockings. 1758: NL - Strenge winters. Des voorjaars veel turfvervoer naar Duitsland. 8 Jul 1758: CA/US - General Abercrombie, with 15,390 men, attacks 3,600 French and Canadian troops entrenched and barricaded at Fort Ticonderoga. The British and Colonial forces are repulsed and lose 2,000 killed and wounded. 27 Jul 1758: CA/US - After a long siege, the British, under James Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst, capture Louisbourg, defended by about 5,637. 25 Aug 1758: CA/US - Colonel Bradstreet, with nearly 3,000 men, mostly colonists, takes and burns Fort Frontenac (Kingston). 14 Sep 1758: CA/US - Major Grant, with 800 Highlanders and some Virginians, is defeated by French and Indians, from Fort Duquesne, under Aubry. 2 Oct 1758: CA - The Nova Scotia Provincial Parliament, Canada's oldest Legislative Assembly, first met on 2 October 1758 with 19 members 12 Oct 1758: CA/US - Charles Lawrence, Military Governor of Nova Scotia, issued a Proclamation that is published in the Boston Gazette, informing the people of New England that since the enemy which had formerly disturbed and harassed the province was no longer able to do so, the time had come to people and cultivate, not only the lands made vacant by the removal of the Acadians, but other parts of "this valuable province" as well. The Proclamation concluded with the words "I shall be ready to receive any proposals that may be hereafter made to me for effectually settling the vacated, or any other lands within the said province." 25 Nov 1758: CA/US - The French garrison of Fort Duquesne (500) set it on fire and abandoned it to General John Forbes. He renames it "Pittsburg," in honor of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Pitt the Elder.
68	1759	1759: Canada - Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French 1759: Great Britain - Battle of Quiberon (Brest fleet) and Battle of Lagos (Toulon fleet), Admirals Sir Edward Hawke and Boscawen, respectively, victorious for Britain; Dakar captured 1759: British North America - Cherokee War: English Colonists vs Cherokee Indians 1759-1761. 22 May 1759: A British fleet approaches Quebec. 28 Jun 1759: CA - French fire ships, intended to burn the British fleet, at Quebec, are taken ashore by British sailors. 26 Jul 1759: CA/US - Carillon (Fort Ticonderoga) is abandoned by the French. 28 Jul 1759: CA - Another French fireship attack fails against the British. 31 Jul 1759: CA - British forces attempt to take French fortifications at Montmorency and fail bitterly. 8 Aug 1759: CA - British guns, on Point Levi, fire the lower town of Quebec. 13 Sep 1759: CA - James Wolfe lands a force at Fuller's Cove, between 1 and 2 in the morning. They climb to the Plains of Abraham. At 6 a.m., Marquis de Montcalm is informed that the British have accomplished what he deemed impossible; but discredits the report. With 4,500, he fights about an equal number; but his men cannot resist bayonets. Each leader receives a mortal wound. Wolfe asks an officer to support him so that his followers may not be discouraged by his fall. An historian says of Wolfe: "He crowded into a few hours actions that would have given lustre to length of life; and, filling his day with greatness, completed it before its noon." 14 Sep 1759: CA - Learning that he had but a few hours to live, Montcalm says: "So much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Turning to de Ramsay he says: "To your keeping I commend the honor of France; as for me, I shall pass the night with God and prepare myself for death." He dies in the Castle of St. Louis. 17 Sep 1759: CA - Capitulation of Quebec. 18 Sep 1759: CA - The British take possession of Quebec.
69	1760	1760: Great Britain - Death of George II 1760: Great Britain - George III, ruler of England to 1820. House of Hanover: Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg. 1760: CA - Fortress Louisbourg demolished by the British. 1760: CA/US - Fall of Montreal and surrender of Great Lakes and Ohio Valley French forts to English. Lord Jeffrey Amherst starts a "get tough with Indians" policy, including the first biological warfare --smallpox-infested blankets. Amherst granted some Seneca (originally his allies) lands to his officers. Odawa chief Pontiac (and the Delaware Prophet) organize a resistance preaching return to traditional Indian customs. The 1761 draft Proclamation (to English governors), and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (with a large Indian country in what's now the U.S. Great Lakes/Midwest) were part of the English Crown's attempt to mollify the Indians. Neither proclamation of undisturbed Indian lands was followed by settlers or the Crown. 20 Apr 1760: CA - Seven thousand French troops start the battle to recapture Quebec. 28 Apr 1760: CA - Murray's 7,714 troops retire to the Citadel, after fighting the Canadians outside the walls of Quebec. The French prepare to besiege the city. 15 May 1760: A Frigate and Two British war-ships arrive. The British win a naval battle near Quebec. 17 May 1760: CA - The French raise the siege of Quebec. 6 Sep 1760: CA - General Jeffrey Amherst invades Montreal. 7 Sep 1760: CA - A French council of war, at Montreal, favors capitulation. 8 Sep 1760: CA - Amherst's, Murray's, and Haviland's commands, around Montreal, are about 17,000. The articles of capitulation are agreeable to the French, except that they do not concede "all the honors of war" or "perpetual neutrality of Canadians." Nov 1760: CA - The British Conquest. General James Murray is appointed first British military governor of Quebec.
70	1761	1761: Great Britain - Laurence Sterne publishes the enigmatic Tristram Shandy 1761: Great Britain - Jonas Hanway and David Porter begin campaign on behalf of child chimney sweeps, achieve protective legislation in 1788 1761: Pondicherry, India - Pondicherry captured, French power destroyed 1761: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder resigns over King and advisors not permitting further conflict with France and ally Spain 1761: Great Britain - River power reaches saturation point, Duke of Bridgewater cuts Worsley Canal, thereby halving price of coal in Manchester 1761: Great Britain - Englishman John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude. 1761: Great Britain - Various municipalities secure Private Acts by which money can be raised ('rates') to pay for public improvements, such as paving and lighting in period to 1765 1761: CA - Canada under Martial law. 29 Jul 1761: CA - The British terms of peace are so hard that Choiseul declares: "I am as indifferent to peace as Pitt can be. I freely admit the King's desire for peace, and his Majesty may sign such a treaty, but my hand shall never be set to it." 6 Oct 1761: CA - King George III offers Pitt the governorship of Canada, with 5,000 pounds per annum, but, instead, makes his wife a peeress; and 13,000 pounds per annum is granted to the survivor of three of his family.
71	1762	1762: Great Britain - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 'created' the Sandwich. This Englishman was said to have been fond of gambling and, during a 24 hour gambling streak, he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such a way that it would not interfere with his game. The cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. Perfect! This meal required no utensils and could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. 1762: Great Britain - The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. He becomes very unpopular and employs a bodyguard 1762: France - Académie Francaise recognises term millionaire 1762: Great Britain - Spain declares war on Britain; Britain gains West Indian islands from French, Cuba and Manila from Spanish 1762: NL - Grens tusschen Westerlee en Pekela geregeld 3 Nov 1762: EU - According to the preliminaries of peace, signed at Fontainebleau, England is to have, with certain West Indies, Florida, Louisiana, to the Mississippi River (without New Orleans), Canada, Acadia, Cape Breton Island and its dependencies, and the fisheries, subject to certain French interests. Spain is to have New Orleans and Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, with an undetermined Western boundary
72	1763	1763: Americas - Treaty of Paris returns Cuba and Manila to Spain, keeps Florida, recovers Minorca; returns West Indian islands and trading stations in India to French, keeps Canada 1763: CA - Pontiac's Rebellion threatens British control of the Great Lakes region. Ottawa Chief Pontiac (c. 1720-1769) leads an Indian uprising but the British defeat the Indians. 1763: US - Proclamation by King George III bans settlements west of the Appalachians and establishes a protected Indian Country there. White settlers ignore the boundary line - Indian raids in Pennsylvania lead to the Paxton Riots - Peaceful Conestoga Mission Indians are massacred by settlers. 1763: NL - De handel ligt bijna stil en er heerst een grote werkloosheid in ons land. 10 Feb 1763: EU - By the treaty of Paris, France cedes to Britain, Canada and all the Laurentian Islands, except St. Pierre and Miquelon. 11 Apr 1763: CA - Britain allows Canadians the free exercise of their religion. 7 Dec 1763: CA - Canadians are required to swear fealty.
73	1764	1764: Great Britain - James Hargreaves in England invents the spinning jenny which can produce 8 threads at one time. 1764: US - The Sugar Act and Stamp Act, by which Britain aims to recover revenue from the American colonies, arouses local opposition. 1764: CA - James Murray becomes civil governor of Quebec, but his attempts to appease French Canadians are disliked by British merchants. 1764: CA - Canada is divided into two chief judicial districts (Quebec and Montreal). Martial law, in Canada, terminates.
74	1765	1765: Great Britain - Rockingham ministry. The American Stamp Act raises taxes in the colonies in an attempt to make their defence self-financing 1765: Great Britain - Earliest known children's pop-up book 1765: France - The very first pâté de foie gras (goose liver paste) is said to have been created in Strasbourg by a Norman chef named Jean-Joseph Close. (Although the technique for producing foie gras goes back as far as the ancient Egyptians) 1765: Paris, France - M. Boulanger opens the first restaurant, by that name 1765: US - The Stamp Act increases discontent. A Stamp Act Congress meets to protest the Act. 1765: CA - Reserve system in Canada begins with the provision of a tract of land for the Maliseet tribe.
75	1766	1766: Great Britain - Chatham ministry. Repeal of the American Stamp Act 1766: Great Britain - Priestley discovers Law of Inverse Squares (electricity), Louis XV convulses with laughter when line of monks leap into air as electric shock is administered 1766: France - Louis, Marquis de Cussy was born. French gastronome, a friend of Grimod de la Reyniere, who stated that Cussy had invented 366 different ways to prepare chicken. Cussy wrote Les Classiques de la table. 18 Mar 1766: US - The Stamp Act is repealed.
76	1767	1767: Great Britain - John Wilkinson, ironmaster, produces railways for mines; Manchester and Liverpool joined by canal 1767: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water. 1767: CA - A second Fort Dauphin was built on the north shore of Lake Dauphin.
77	1768	1768: Great Britain - Grafton ministry. The Middlesex Election Crisis occurs. 1768: Great Britain - General election, reformer Wilkes elected as member for Middlesex amid scenes of jubilation; Royal Academy (painting) founded 1768: CA - Guy Carleton succeeds Murray as governor of Quebec.
78	1769	1769: Great Britain - James Watt patented a new type of steam engine with a separate condensing chamber and an air pump to bring steam into the chamber and equipped it with a simple 'governor' for safety: if the engine started to go too fast, the power would be automatically cut back. He coined the term horsepower and later loaned his name to the unit of power, or work done per unit of time 1769: Great Britain - Captain James Cook's first voyage to explore the Pacific begins 1769: Great Britain - Richard Arkwright develops the water-powered spinning frame 1769: US - The American colonies begin their westward expansion, settling Tennessee. 1769: CA - Prince Edward Island becomes a separate colony from Nova Scotia. 20 Apr 1769: US - Chief Pontiac of the Ottawa is killed by a Kaskaskia Indian in Illinois.
79	1770	1770: Great Britain - Lord North begins service as Prime Minister. The Falkland Island Crisis occurs. Edmund Burke publishes his Thoughts on the Present Discontents 1770: Australia - James Cook documents the location of Australia 1770: Great Britain - Gum pencil eraser invented 1770: Great Britain - Early skeleton suits begin to appear - the first specialized children's clothing. The earliest were still worn with knee breeches, but by the 1780s they were warn with long trousers. 1770: CA - The city of Saint-Eustache, Quebec is established
80	1771	1771: Great Britain - The Encyclopedia Britannica is first published 1771: Great Britain - Richard Arkwright builds the first spinning mill 1771: Captain James Cook completes his first voyage around the world. 1771: CA/UK - Lieutenant Governor Michael Francklin of Nova Scotia travels to northern England to seek immigrants to replace those displaced by the Acadian expulsion. 17 Jul 1771: CA - Massacre at Bloody Falls: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his arctic overland journey, massacre a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
81	1772	1772: Great Britain - Lord Mansfield makes slavery illegal 1772: Great Britain - James Burgh publishes Political Disquisitions, advocates universal male suffrage 1772: CA - Samuel Hearne explores Coppermine River to Arctic Ocean. 1772: CA/US - James Cook and George Vancouver explore the northwest coast of America. 1772: CA - The Yorkshire emigration begins with the arrival of 62 passengers aboard The Duke of York.
82	1773	1773: British North America - Colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called Boston Tea Party 1773: Coalbrookedale, England - The world's first Cast Iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn 1773: Great Britain - Benjamin Delessert was born. French industrialist who developed the first successful process to extract sugar from sugar beets. 1773: CA - Lord Dartmouth promises Canadians just and considerate treatment respecting their religion. Dec 1773: CA - Prominent French Canadians petition the King to restore their ancient laws and accord them the rights of British subjects, reminding him that five-sixths of the seigniories belong to Frenchmen. They represent that the Labrador Coast and fisheries, now alienated to Newfoundland, should revert to Canada. They prefer a Legislative Council, nominated by the King, because less expensive than an Elective Assembly. 16 Dec 1773: US - The Boston Tea Party protests the Tea Act
83	1774	1774: Great Britain - Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practice of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists. 1774: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party 1774: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen 1774: Great Britain - Georges-Louis Le Sage patents the electric telegraph. 1774: US - Lord Dunmore's War fought in Virginia between settlers and Shawnees. 1774: CA - The Quebec Act ensures the loyalty of the seigneurs and the clergy to the new regime by guaranteeing the traditional language, civil law, and faith of the subjects. 1774: CA - Juan Perez ordered by Spain to explore west coast; discovers Prince of Wales Island, Dixon Sound. 4 Sep 1774: US - Delegates from twelve colonies discuss measures for common safety, at Philadelphia. Canada and Georgia are not represented, though invited. Vermont, not being organized, is not invited.
84	1775	1775: British North America - American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington. 1775: Great Britain - Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet. 1775: Great Britain - Jacques Perrier invents a steamship. 1775: US - Daniel Boone leads party of settlers into Kentucky. 1775: CA - American troops capture Montreal, but, failing to take Quebec City or elicit local support, soon withdraw. 19 Apr 1775: US - The Revolutionary War begins, at Lexington. 1 May 1775: CA - A bust of George III is found, in Montreal, adorned with beads, cross, and mitre, with the words "Pope of Canada: Sot of England." A reward of 500 guineas does not lead to apprehension of the culprit. 10 May 1775: US - Ethan Allen takes Fort Ticonderoga. 9 Jun 1775: CA - Martial law is proclaimed in Canada. 21 Aug 1775: CA - Generals Schuyler and Richard Montgomery, with 1,000 Americans come to Canada, and invite the inhabitants to rebel. 17 Sep 1775: CA - Montgomery besieges St. Johns. 25 Sep 1775: CA - Attempting to take Montreal, Ethan Allan and many of his 150 followers are captured, at Longue Pointe, and are sent to England. 18 Oct 1775: CA - The Americans capture Chambly. 3 Nov 1775: CA - Hindered by Colonel Warner, of Vermont, Governor Guy Carleton cannot relieve St. Johns, which surrenders to Montgomery. 3 Nov 1775: CA - Invaders, under Benedict Arnold, reach the Chaudiere, almost perishing, after 52 days in the woods, from the Kennebec. 12 Nov 1775: CA - General Montgomery tells Montrealers that, being defenceless, they cannot stipulate terms; but promises to respect personal rights. He demands the keys of public stores, and appoints 9 a.m. tomorrow for the army's entrance, by the Recollet gate. On Nov. 13 they appropraite royal stores.
85	1776	1776: England - Common Sense published by Tom Paine 1776: Great Britain - Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design. 1776: Great Britain - Wilkes introduces bill for universal male suffrage 1776: Great Britain - David Bushnell invents a submarine. 1776: Great Britain - Edward Gibbon authors Decline and Fall of Roman Empire in period to 1788 1776: CA/US - US Revolutionary war. United Empire Loyalists move to Upper Canada and settle (lumbering, farming starts). 1776: US - The eleventh Article of "Confederation and Perpetual Union" provides that: "Canada, according to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advantages of this Union; but no other Colony shall be admitted to the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States." 1776: CA - The Jesuits' College, at Quebec, converted into barracks. 1776: US - Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1737-1809) appears. 1776: NL - De armoede onder de bevolking is groot. In Nederland worden vele armenhuizen gesticht. 29 Apr 1776: CA/US - Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Rev. Charles Carroll, a Jesuit, urge Canadians to send delegates to Congress, promising toleration. Franklin brings a printer and press, for a newspaper, to mould public opinion. Canadians regard Franklin as an enemy, and the priests remind Father Carroll that, unlike some of the Provinces, Britain tolerates the Roman Catholic Church. 6 May 1776: CA - As a British fleet is in sight, the Continental Army, before Quebec, weakened by disease, retires from a superior enemy, who await reinforcements behind strong walls. 6 May 1776: CA - Under Guy Carleton, Quebec withstands an American siege until the appearance of a British fleet. Carleton is later knighted. 8 Jun 1776: US - Attempting to surprise Three Rivers, General Thompson, with 200 of 1,800 Americans, is taken prisoner. 16 Jun 1776: CA/US - Arnold's force has retreated from Montreal. 18 Jun 1776: CA - General Burgoyne finds that the Continental Army has evacuated St. Johns. 4 Jul 1776: USA - The American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain. 4 Jul 1776: US - The American colonies declare their independence. The United States Declaration of Independence is signed. 11 Oct 1776: US - The British are victorious on Lake Champlain. 13 Oct 1776: US - On Lake Champlain, Arnold runs part of his fleet ashore, to avoid capture.
86	1777	1777: Great Britain - Samuel Crompton in England invents the spinning mule capable of spinning cloth in great quantity. 1777: CA - Spinning mule invented to spin multiple strands of yarn. 4 Jul 1777: US - Near Fort Ticonderoga, General Burgoyne offers condonement if colonists lay down their arms. 16 Oct 1777: CA - General Burgoyne's Indian and French allies desert at the battle of Stillwater. 17 Oct 1777: CA - Though aware of approaching relief, Burgoyne, having promised to capitulate, and fearing annihilation by a threatened attack, signs the capitulation. During its first session the Canadian Council passes sixteen ordinances, adopts English Commercial law, and constitutes itself a Court of Appeal, with final resort to the Privy Council in England.
87	1778	1778: Great Britain - James Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year 1778: Europe - Naval war with France, Spain and Holland ally with France during period to 1783 1778: US - First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation is negotiated with the Delaware; they are offered the prospect of statehood 1778: US - British and Iroquois forces attack and massacre American settlers in western New York and Pennsylvania. 1778: US - The American colonies ally with France. The English overrun the southern states, but are weakened by a French blockade of shipping. 29 Mar 1778: CA - British Captain James Cook explores Alaskan coast, seeking Northwest Passage back to the Atlantic. On the last of three voyages to the west coast, he travels as far north as the Bering Strait and claims Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island for the British. While there, he trades for sea otter pelts.
88	1779	1779: Great Britain - The rise of Wyvill's Christopher Wyvill's radical Yorkshire Association Movement 1779: CA - At a Parliamentary investigation, General Burgoyne charges failure to the Canadian forces and to St. Luc, commander of the Indians. 1779: US - A retaliatory U.S. campaign destroys Indian towns and crops, breaking the Iroquois League's power. 1779: US - The American colonies ally with Spain. 1779: US - James Cook killed by Hawaiian natives, cutting short his search for Northwest Passage.
89	1780	1780: Great Britain - The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act (1778) 1780: Southampton, England - Gervinus invents the circular saw. 1780: Great Britain - Country banks rise in number from less than 300 to over 700 in period to 1815 1780: Great Britain - The Bowler Hat appears in England. 1780: CA/US - Quakers begin the Underground Railroad to smuggle slaves to freedom in Canada. 1780: NL - De Vierde Engelse Zeeoorlog.
90	1781	1781: Great Britain - Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet 1781: Great Britain - Matthew Boulton and James Watt produce an improved steam engine with rotary motion achieving significant impact - it means that manufacturers are no longer restricted to site with natural power (i.e., water, wood for charcoal) 1781: US - American independence is assured by the British surrender at Yorktown. Gen. George Washington leads the Colonial army against the British. 1781: US - By the Articles of Confederation, Congress controls the western lands. 1781: NL - William Herschel ontdekt de planeet Uranus. 2 Feb 1781: CA/US - Ethan Allen receives a further proposal from Col. Robinson; but sends both to Congress, with a request for the recognition of Vermont. Premising loyalty to Congress, he maintains that Vermont may properly treat with Great Britain, to prevent being subjected to another State, by the authority of a Government which Vermonters have helped to establish. Apr 1781: Col. Ira Allen is sent to Canada to arrange an exchange of prisoners. 1 May 1781: CA/US - Receiving proposals for Vermont's independnece, Col. Ira Allen temporizes to prevent invasion and enable the farmers to sow seed for another crop. 20 Aug 1781: CA/US - As a condition of Vermont's admission to the Union, Congress fixes boundaries which offend both Vermont and New York. Sep 1781: US - British proposals to Vermont include a Legislature of two branches. 17 Oct 1781: USA - The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the Siege of Yorktown 19 Oct 1781: US - Vermont declines Congress' terms. 14 Nov 1781: US - Governor Chittenden answers General Washington that, notwithstanding Vermont's interest in the common cause, the people would rather join British Canadians than be subject to New York. 18 Dec 1781: US - Troops sent from New York, to coerce New Hampshire grantees, learn that they will defend their rights.
91	1782	1782: Ireland - Ireland obtains short-lived parliament 1782: US - A smallpox epidemic hits the Sanpoil of Washington. 1782: CA - In the course of this year John Molson, the future pioneer of Canadian steam navigation, arrives in Canada 1782: CA - Councillor Finlay proposes to establish English schools in Canadian parishes, and to prohibit using the French language in the Law Courts after a certain time. 1 Jan 1782: US - Threatened by three hostile forces, Vermont is advised by Gen. George Washington, a skilled surveyor, to limit jurisdiction to undisputed territory. 22 Feb 1782: US - Vermont accepts the prescribed delimination. 1 Mar 1782: US - It is proposed, in Congress, to treat Vermont as hostile, failing submission to the terms of 20th August, 1781, and to divide it between New York and New Hampshire, along the ridge of the Green Mountains; and that the Commander-in-chief employ the Congressional forces to further this resolution. 22 Mar 1782: Great Britain - Lord North's government collapses
92	1783	1783: Great Britain - Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon. 1783: Great Britain - Fox-North coalition established 1783: Great Britain - Britain recognises American independence at the Treaty of Paris. 1783: Ireland - Act of Renunciation gives Ireland rights in legislation and judication 1783: Great Britain - William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister, simplifies taxes and customs duties, tries to pacify Ireland, abolish slave-trading and laws preventing Catholics holding office; returns Florida and Minorca to Spain and Senegal to France 1783: Great Britain - Englishman Henry Cort invents the Rolling Mill for steel production. 1783: Great Britain - Sébastien Lenormand demonstrates the first parachute. 1783: Great Britain - Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock. 1783: US - American independence is formally recognized at the Treaty of Paris. 1783: CA/US/UK - The success of the rebellious 13 American colonies leaves the British with the poorest remnants of their New World empire and the determination to prevent a second revolution. However, they have to accommodate the roughly 50,000 refugees from the American Revolution who settle in Nova Scotia and the upper St. Lawrence. These United Empire Loyalists soon begin to agitate for the political and property rights they had previously enjoyed in the thirteen colonies. 1783: CA/US - Treaty of Paris gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland, but not to dry or cure fish on land. 1783: CA - More than 5,000 Blacks leave the United States to live in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario. Having sided with the British during the American War of Independence, they come to Canada as United Empire Loyalists, some as free men and some as slaves. Although promised land by the British, they receive only varying amounts of poor-quality land, and, in fact, some receive none at all. 1783: CA - In Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Rose Fortune becomes Canada's first policewoman. 1783: CA/US - The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods. 1783: CA - In the area around the mouth of the St. John River, those who fled the thirteen American colonies by 1783 are called United Empire Loyalists. Those who arrive after 1783 are called Late Loyalists. 1783: CA - Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into southwestern Ontario. 1783: US - Vermont delays entering the Union, because Congress is partial to New York, and because of the General Government's indebtedness, for which Vermont is not bound. 20 Jan 1783: US/UK - Preliminaries of peace are signed between Great Britain and the United States. 2 Apr 1783: Great Britain - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig)
93	1784	1784: Great Britain - First edition of The Times newspaper 1784: Great Britain - Introduction of mail coach 1784: Great Britain - Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine. 1784: Great Britain - Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock. 1784: USA - Benjamin Franklin develops bifocal eyeglasses. 1784: UK - James Cook's journal of his last voyage published in London 1784: CA - In response to Loyalist demands, the Crown creates New Brunswick out of Nova Scotia. 1784: NL - De Staten-Generaal verbiedt het dragen van oranje.
94	1785	1785: Great Britain - William Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated 1785: Great Britain - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invents the torsion balance. 1785: Great Britain - Blanchard invents a working parachute. 1785: Great Britain - Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom. 1785: France - Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching. 1785: Scotland - Glasgow triples in size, has 54 cotton mills in full work during period to 1818 1785: USA - Oliver Evans of Newport, Delaware invented the automatic flour-milling machinery that revolutionized the industry. 1785: UK - Introduction of Power loom in England for weaving cloth 1785: CA - The city of Saint John, New Brunswick is incorporated. Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859). 1785: CA - New Brunswick is separated from Nova Scotia 1785: CA - Du Calvet proposes Canadian representation in the British Parliament, three members, each, for the Districts of Quebec and Montreal. 1785: CA - To a proposed Elective Legislature, it is objected that French Canadians do not wish to change their customary laws, and that there are not enough fit men to compose a Legislature. 1785: CA - Isaac Brock takes command of the 49th Foot, which would be the backbone of the British Empire forces in Canada during the War of 1812.
95	1786	1786: Great Britain - The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up 1786: Pennsylvania, USA - John Fitch invents a steamboat. 1786: CA - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland allowed to import goods from the United States. 1786: CA - John Molson founds his first brewery in Montreal.
96	1787	1787: Windsor, Great Britain - In Windsor Great Park, King George III alights from carriage and addresses oak tree as King of Prussia, but eventually recovers from this attack of dementia; first colonies in Australia, first iron boat launched 1787: CA - Prince William Henry (future William IV) lands at Quebec. 1787: CA - The Toronto Purchase was an agreement between the British crown and the Mississaugas of New Credit in 1787. The Mississaugas of New Credit exchanged for 250,808 acres (101,528 hectares) of land in Toronto for 149 barrels of goods and a small amount of cash. A revision of the deal was made in 1805. The land sold consists of: former city of Etobicoke, Ontario former city of North York, Ontario former city of Toronto, Ontario west end of the former city of Scarborough, Ontario former city of York, Ontario former city of East York, Ontario City of Vaughan, Ontario King Township Western end of Markham, Ontario (or Thornhill, Ontario) Western end of Whitchurch
97	1788	1788: Great Britain - Time to travel from London to Manchester reduced from 4.5 days to 28 hours 1788: CA - Attorney-General Monk and Solicitor-General Williams are of opinion that, as the Jesuits have no civil existence as a Canadian corporation, their estates accrue to the Crown. 1788: CA - Ontario is divided into five districts, under English law. 22 Jan 1788: Great Britain - Birth of Lord Byron (died 1824)
98	1789	1789: France - French Revolution, Louis XVI, many aristocrats and others executed, France declares war on European monarchies 1789: France - The guillotine is invented. 1789: Great Britain - The French Revolution sounded the death knoll toward elaborate and affected dress and hairdos. The powdered wig and towering women's hair styles passed from fashion. Simpler, more practical clothes emerged. Boys wore the skeleton suit, often with a comfortable open collar, and by the end of the century with plebian long trousers. 1789: USA - Thomas Jefferson brought a pasta making machine back with him when he returned to America after serving as ambassador to France. 1789: Switzerland - Dr. Pierre Ordinaire creates an absinthe elixir 1789: For the next 4 years, Alexander Mackenzie of Canada, seeking northern river route to the Pacific, travels to the Arctic Ocean; on second journey he crosses continent by land, making contact with many tribes. 1789: FR - The French Revolution begins 1789: CA - Lord Grenville proposes that lands in Upper Canada be held in free and common soccage, and that the tenure of Lower Canadian lands be optional with the inhabitants. 1789: NL - George Washington wordt de eerste President van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika. 1789: NL - Bestorming van de Bastille en het begin van de Franse Revolutie. 30 Apr 1789: USA - George Washington first president of the United States 1789-1797.
99	1790	1790: Great Britain - Edmund Burke publishes his Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790: Great Britain - Lower-class radicalism increases, Habeas Corpus Act temporarily suspended 1790: USA - The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton. 1790: USA - Samuel Slater opens the first U.S. cotton mill in Rhode Island. Thomas Saint in England invents the first cloth-stitching machine. 1790: Great Britain - Marie, Vicomte de Botherel, born. He installed kitchens on buses in Paris suburbs in 1839, the first restaurant cars. 1790: Great Britain - Marie Harel is said to have developed Camembert cheese in Normandy. 1790: CA - British Captain George Vancouver begins his three-year survey of northwest coast of North America 1790: CA - Spain signs the Nootka Convention, ceding the Pacific Northwest to England and the United States. 7 Oct 1790: US - New York consents to Vermont's admission to the Union, with cessation of New York's jurisdiction, in the disputed territory.
100	1791	1791: Great Britain - The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat 1791: Great Britain - James Boswell publishes his Life of Johnson and Thomas Paine, his Rights of Man 1791: Great Britain - John Barber invents the gas turbine. 1791: CA - The Province of Lower Canada was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 from the partition of the British colony of the Province of Quebec (1763-1791) into the Province of Lower Canada and the Province of Upper Canada. Lower Canada consisted of part of former French colony of New France, populated mainly by French Canadians, which was ceded to Great Britain after that empire's victory in the Seven Years' War 1791: CA - Edmund Burke supports the proposed constitution for Canada, saying that: "To attempt to amalgamate two populations, composed of races of men diverse in language, laws and habitudes, is a complete absurdity. Let the proposed constitution be founded on man's nature, the only solid basis for an enduring government. 1791: CA - Fox declares that England can retain Canada "through the good will of the Canadians, alone." 1791: CA - Lord Grenville, denying that Canadian attachment to French jurisprudence is due to prejudice, says it is founded "on the noblest sentiments of the human breast." 1791: CA/US - George Vancouver leaves England to explore the west coast; Alejandro Malaspina also explores the northwest coast for Spain. 1791: CA - In response to Loyalist demands, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divides Quebec into Lower Canada (mostly French) and Upper Canada (mostly English who recently migrated from America). In so doing, the Crown hopes to create a stable society that is distinctly non-American. Although French-Canadians retain the privileges granted by the Quebec Act, the Anglican church receives preferred status, including the clergy reserves. An Anglo-French colonial aristocracy of rich merchants, leading officials, and landholders is expected to work with the royal governors to ensure proper order. Legislative assemblies, although elected by propertied voters, have little real power. 1791: CA - Population of Lower Canada is 160,000. Population of Upper Canada is 14,000.
101	1792	1792: Italy - Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals 'consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard' 1792: Great Britain - Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792: Great Britain - Cartwright invents steam-powered weaving loom 1792: Great Britain - The first ambulance. 1792: CA - A large number of the Black Loyalists in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia migrate to Sierra Leone in West Africa, mainly because the promises of land in Canada were not kept by the British. 7 May 1792: CA - Lower Canada is divided into 21 counties. 15 Oct 1792: CA - The law of England is introduced in Upper Canada. Dec 1792: CA - A bill to abolish slavery, in Lower Canada, does not pass. 20 Dec 1792: CA - A fortnightly mail is established between Canada and the United States.
102	1793	1793: Great Britain - Economic depression 1793: Great Britain - Speculative 'Canal Bubble' bursts 1793: Great Britain - Board of Agriculture formed to popularise new methods and machinery 1793: Great Britain - Britain becomes foremost world trader during period to 1815 1793: Great Britain - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin which efficiently separates cotton fibers from the seeds, allowing one person to do a job once done by 50 people. This profoundly changes the economics of raising cotton, revitalizing slavery in the American South. 1793: CA - Merchant vessels first navigate Lake Ontario. 1 Feb 1793: Great Britain - France declares war on Britain 9 Jul 1793: CA - Act Against Slavery passed into law, making Upper Canada the first British territory to bring in legislation against slavery, although it does not abolish slavery entirely.
103	1794	1794: Great Britain - Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that 'warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity.' 1794: Great Britain - Metric system introduced in France 1794: Great Britain - More lower-class radicalism, Habeas Corpus suspended again, instigators charged with treason, in Scotland found guilty and transported 1794: Great Britain - Welshman Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings. 1794: Great Britain - Total of 40,000 British troops die in West Indies in war with France over two year period 1794: CA/US - Jay Treaty establishes neutral commission to settle border disputes between United States and Canada; restores trade between the United States and British colonies of Canada; also guarantees Indians free movement across the border. 1 Jun 1794: Great Britain - Howe defeats French fleet at Ushant
104	1795	1795: Great Britain - The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence 1795: Ireland - Near-civil war between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland, erupts in 1798, takes nearly a year to suppress 1795: Great Britain - New Treason and Sedition Act passed 1795: Great Britain - Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food. 1795: CA - British create protective tariffs to encourage timber production for Navy after Napoléon Bonaparte cuts off Baltic supply of tall trees and hardwood. First in New Brunswick then in Lower and Upper Canada. Montreal merchants expand transport to handle trade. 1795: CA - A road Act is passed, in Lower Canada, though opposed by country people, who fear a return of the Statue labor of Governor Haldimand's time. 1795: CA - A Canadian regiment is raised, but is disbanded, owing to Britain's unfavorable experience of training colonists to the use of arms. 1795: NL - De periode 1795-1814 wordt gekenmerkt door grote armoede, zelfs voor de hoge stand. 1795: NL - Utrecht wordt bezet door het Franse leger. Willem V vlucht naar Engeland.
105	1796	1796: Great Britain - Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity 1796: Italy - General Napoleon Bonaparte appears on scene, attacks Austrian armies 1796: Ceylon - British conquer Ceylon 1796: CA - About 600 Blacks from Jamaica are deported to Nova Scotia. Known as Maroons, they help rebuild the Halifax Citadel. In 1800, most of them leave for Sierra Leone, Africa. 1796: CA - York becomes the capital of Upper Canada.
106	1797	1797: Europe - All Europe makes peace with France save Britain, sea battle off Cape St. Vincent (off Spanish coast), Jervis and Nelson (then Captain) utterly defeat big French and Spanish fleet 1797: Great Britain - Royal Navy sailors at Spithead and the Nore mutiny over deplorable conditions 1797: USA - John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801. 1797: Great Britain - A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe. 1797: Great Britain - Wittemore patents a carding machine. 1797: Great Britain - John Hetherington in London develops the top hat. 1797: Great Britain - Major Dubied purchased the formula for an 'absinthe elixir' and together with his son, Henri-Louis Pernod sets up an absinthe factory in Switzerland. 1797: NL - Kollumer Oproer. In de Franse tijd stonden Patriotten en Prinsgezinden soms fel tegen over elkaar. Dat was ook al zo voordat de Fransen ons land introkken. In het jaar 1797 bleek, dat de Oranjeliefde nog sterk leefde onder het gewone volk. Het kwam tot een uitbarsting, die bekend staat als het Kollumer Oproer. In de gemeente Kollumerland ontstonden onregelmatigheden. Op woensdag 18 januari 1797 werden de bewoners van Kollumerzwaag opgeroepen om na te gaan wie van hen geschikt waren voor de "burgerwapening". En op zaterdag 28 januari werd de bevolking van Burum opgeroepen. Onder hen was ook ene Abele Reitzes, de zoon van de weduwe van Reitze Abels. Toen Abele uit Kollum terug kwam, riep hij "Oranje Boven". Daarop werd hij in de nacht van 2 op 3 februari gevangen genomen. Eerst werd hij vastgezet in het Rechthuis te Kollum met het doel hem later over te brengen naar het blokhuis te Leeuwarden. De arrestatie van Abele was de druppel die de emmer deed overlopen. Uit het westen van de gemeente kwamen velen naar Kollum om Abele te bevrijden. Onderweg naar Kollum werden al enige huizen in brand gestoken. De mannen waren bewapend met zeisen, snoeimessen, sikkels, en alles wat maar kon dienen om de tegenstanders schrik aan te jagen. De kamer van de secretaris werd bezet. De secretaris werd gedwongen een verklaring te tekenen dat niemand deze daad met enig leed zou moeten betalen. Ook werd Abele Reitzes onder dwang vrij gelaten. Ondertussen werd echter het gezag in Leeuwarden gewaarschuwd. Er werd versterking gestuurd en een aantal oproerkraaiers werd gevangen gezet in de kerk, waaronder Jan Binnes van Oudwoude. De volgende dag kwamen aanhangers van deze Jan Binnes weer in grote getale naar Kollum. Aangevuld met mensen uit de Dongeradelen en Burum werden de troepen van de patriotten uit Kollum verdreven. Een detachement ruiters met friese paarden en twee veldstukken werd naar Kollum en omgeving gestuurd en de rust keerde weer. De volgende dagen werden in geheel noord en noordoost-friesland rebellen gevangen genomen. Er werden zware straffen opgelegd aan 168 gevangen genomen Prinsgezinden. Jan Binnes en (later) Salomon Levy werden ter dood gebracht, terwijl anderen hoge boetes kregen opgelegd. 18 Jan 1797: CA - A weekly mail is established between Canada and the United States. This notice appears in the Quebec Gazette: "A mail for the upper counties, comprehending Niagara and Detroit, will be closed, at this office, on Monday, 30th instant, at four o'clock in the evening, to be forwarded, from Montreal, by the annual winter express, on Thursday, 2nd February next."
107	1798	1798: Great Britain - Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio. 1798: Great Britain - Introduction of An income tax of ten percent on incomes over £200. 1798: Egypt - Battle of the Nile, Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet smashed 1798: Ireland - Catholic uprising 1798: Great Britain - Wordsworth and Coleridge publish Lyrical Ballads 1798: Great Britain - Franco-American Naval War: United States vs France 1798-1800. 1798: Great Britain - Aloys Senefelder invents lithography. 1798: Great Britain - The first soft drink id invented. 1798: UK/FR - Napoleon invades Egypt. Horatio Nelson and British Navy defeat French at Battle of the Nile. 1798: CA/US - Indian chiefs, in Canada, claim from Vermont an equivalent of the greater part of Addison, Chittenden, Franklin and Grand Isle counties. They get their expenses to and fro. 1798: NL - Twee staatsgrepen in één jaar.
108	1799	1799: Great Britain - Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: France - Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: Great Britain - Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins 1799: France - Napoleon becomes President of France; amendments to Treason and Sedition Act 1799: Great Britain - Alessandro Volta invents the battery. 1799: Great Britain - Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. 1799: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 913, children 1 in 115. For the first time London birth rate passes death rate, continues until introduction of water closet deposits effluence in Thames (source of potable water) and typhoid returns 1799: Great Britain - Eliza Acton Born. She wrote the first cookbook for the housewife, rather than for the professional chef. 1799: France - Joseph-Louis Proust, a French chemist, extracted sugar from grapes, and proved it identical to sugar extracted from honey. 1799: CA - Handsome Lake, a Seneca chief, founds the Longhouse religion 1799: CA/US - American competition for West Indies trade kills Liverpool, Nova Scotia's merchant fleet. 1799: CA/US - Vermont answers Indian chiefs, in Canada, that their claims were extinguished by treaties of 1763 and 1783 between France, Great Britain and the United States. 1799: NL - Op 31 december wordt de VOC formeel ontbonden.
109	1800	1800: UK - Act of Union with Ireland unites Parliaments of England and Ireland 1800: UK - Battle of Copenhagen, Napoleon's Danish fleet decimated 1800: Ireland - After Catholic rebellion in Ireland Pitt proposes one Parliament for both countries, but King George refuses, Pitt resigns; Sir Joseph Banks introduces voltaic battery 1800: UK - Sir Joseph Banks introduces voltaic battery 1800: UK - Robert Owen buys mills at New Lanark, turns into successful humane model 1800: France - Frenchman J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom. 1800: UK - Over 20 miles of railway tracks laid 1800: UK - Over a ten year period, 30 acres of new docks are built in London, which becomes the greatest port in the world 1800: UK - Over the coming century, approx. 1 million people emigrate from Britain. 50,000 are prisoners transported to Maryland or Botany Bay 1800: USA - William Young in Philadelphia offers shoes made for the left and the right foot. 1800: FR/SP - Spain cedes Louisiana back to France.