Timeline: Cornelis van CLAVEREN: The ZUURDEEG Family

1693 - 1753 (60 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1693	1693: England - Richest counties: Middlesex (with London), Surrey, Hertfordshire, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Oxfordshire, Northamptonshire; Poorest Counties: Cheshire, Derbyshire, Yorkshire, Lancashire, Northumberland, Durham, Cumberland
2	1694	1694: England - Death of Queen Mary; King William now rules alone. 1694: England - Foundation of the Bank of England 1694: England - Triennial Act sets the maximum duration of a parliament to three years
3	1695	1695: England - Lapse of the Licensing Act
4	1696	1696: CA - European fur market collapses as fashion temporarily changes, leading to an increase in colonist settlers wanting permanent land to clear and farm.
5	1697	1697: England - Peace of Ryswick between the allied powers of the League of Augsburg and France ends the French War 1697: England - Civil List Act votes funds for the maintenance of the Royal Household 1697: England - Blasphemy Act in England 1697: After almost a decade of guerrilla warfare, the Peace of Ryswick merely confirms the status quo, even returning Acadia, captured by the English, to the French. England and France make temporary peace in 1697 (Treaty of Ryswick). 10 Nov 1697: England - Birth of William Hogarth (died 1764), bitter satirical artist of great genius, chronicling social evils of the times
6	1698	1698: England - Thomas Savery patented an engine which produced a vacuum by condensing steam. It was employed for raising water from a mine and supplying water to several country houses. 1698: Russia - Tsar Peter the Great begins taxing men with beards
7	1699	23 May 1699: America - John Bartram was born. A naturalist and explorer, considered 'father of American botany'; established a world renowned botanical garden in Philadelphia in 1728.
8	1700	1700: England - Population of England and Wales estimated at 5.5 million 1700: England - Population of English colonies in America, 200,000 1700: CA - Population of Acadia is 1,400. Clear that New France is not going to be self-sufficient. 1700: NL - Invoering van de Gregoriaanse kalender in Friesland. Op 31-12-1700 volgde 12-01-1701. 26 Jan 1700: CA - The Cascadia Earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes on record, ruptures the Cascadia Subduction Zone offshore from Vancouver Island to northern California, creating a tsunami that wiped out the winter village of Pachena Bay leaving no survivors.
9	1701	1701: England - The Act of Settlement settles the Royal Succession on the Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover. William III forms a grand alliance between England, Holland and Austria to prevent the union of the Spanish and French crowns. The War of the Spanish Succession breaks out in Europe over the vacant throne 1701: England - Death of James II in exile, King Louis of France recognises James's son as King James III 1701: England - Jethro Tull invents the seed drill. 1701: CA- Peace treaty signed between the Iroquois Confederacy and the French and English. 1701: CA - Detroit, Michigan founded as Fort Pontchartrain du détroit by Antoine de Lamothe Cadillac. 1701: CA - War of the Spanish Succession begins in Europe; spreads to North America (Queen Anne's War) in 1702. 1701: NL - Lodewijk XIV bezet de Zuidelijke Nederlanden.
10	1702	1702: England - Death of King William III in a riding accident. He is succeeded by his sister-in-law. 1702: England - Queen Anne, ruler of England to 1714. House of Stuart (restored): 2nd daughter of James II. Died with no living heirs. 1702: England - Queen Anne's War: England declares war on France as part of the War of the Spanish Succession. English Colonies vs France 1702-1713. 1702: England - England tries to prevent grandson of Louis of France from taking Spanish throne; John Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, instrumental in uniting England, Holland, Austria and Germany against France (period to 1713) 1702: England - Freehold yeomen represent one eigth of population of England. Substantial tenant farmers represent a little less; coffee houses become popular 1702: CA - For the next 11 years, The short-lived Peace of Ryswick collapses with the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, which erupts in the colonies as Queen Anne's War. It ends with France losing North American territory to Britain. 1702: NL - Willem III van Oranje-Nassau overlijdt aan de gevolgen van een val van zijn paard op Hampton Court.
11	1703	1703: Epworth, Lincolnshire, England - Birth of John Wesley. By 1784, 356 Methodist chapels built in places lacking church 1703: CA - Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil becomes Governor of New France.
12	1704	1704: England - Johann Sebastian Bach began composing music 1704: Gibraltar - British capture Gibraltar from Spain 1704: CA - French destroy the English settlement at Bonavista, Newfoundland. 13 Aug 1704: England - British, Dutch, German and Austrian troops, under the Duke of Marlborough, defeat the French and Bavarians at the Battle of Blenheim
13	1706	1706: London, England - The Evening Post, first evening newspaper issued 23 May 1706: Netherlands - British, Bavarian and Austrian troops under Marlborough defeat the French at the Battle of Ramillies, and expel the French from the Netherlands
14	1707	1707: Great Britain - The Act of Union unites the kingdoms of England and Scotland and transfers the seat of Scottish Government to London 1707: CA - Port Royal is attacked twice by the English from Massachusetts.
15	1708	1708: NL - Strenge winter : vorst van 24 December tot in Mei. 11 Jul 1708: England - The Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Oudenarde. The French incur heavy losses. Queen Anne vetoes a parliamentary bill to recognise the Scottish militia. This is the last time a bill is vetoed by the sovereign
16	1709	1709: England - Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit constructed an alcohol thermometer 1709: Great Britain - Quaker Abraham Darby discovers coal-smelting technique for producing pig-iron, replaces charcoal method 1709: England - Bartolomeo Cristofori invents the piano. 1709: CA - In New France, slavery becomes legal. 11 Sep 1709: England - Duke of Marlborough defeats the French at the Battle of Malplaquet
17	1710	1710: Great Britain - A Tory ministry is formed, under Harley, with the impeachment of Dr. Sacheverell and the fall of the Whig government 1710: Great Britain - Wooden panelling replaces tapestry as wall covering 1710: CA - The English recapture Acadia, this time permanently, and rename it Nova Scotia. 1710: CA - Francis Nicholson captures Port Royal for England. 1710: CA - The English take Port Royal and name it Annapolis Royal. 1710: UK - Three Mohawk chiefs and one Mahican are received in Queen Anne's court in England as the Four Kings of the New World. 1710: CA - The Mandan Indians west of the Great Lakes begin to trade in horses descended from those brought to Texas by the Spanish. Itinerant Assiniboine Indians bring them from Mandan settlements to their own territories southwest of Lake Winnipeg.
18	1711	1711: Great Britain - Englishman John Shore invents the tuning fork. 1711: US - Tuscarora War on North Carolina frontier fought between British settlers and Tuscarora Indians. Remnants of this Iroquoian tribe migrate north. 1711: NL - Johan Willem Friso, erfstadhouder van Friesland, verdrinkt in het Hollands Diep.
19	1712	1712: Great Britain - Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine. 1712: CA - Fox resistance against the French in the Great Lakes area.
20	1713	1713: Europe - The Treaty of Utrecht is signed by Britain and France, thus concluding the War of the Spanish Succession 1713: CA - At the conclusion of Queen Anne's War - Maine Abenakis and Iroquois from Quebec (Caughnawaga) attack the English colonists on behalf of the French, but lose. The European nations negotiate their settlement at the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); Louis XIV cedes Hudson Bay, Acadia (Nova Scotia) and Newfoundland (but not Cape Breton Island or St. John's Island) to Great Britain. 1713: US - Turcarora War (North Carolina) -- Under the English Col. John Barnwell, then Col. James Moore, the Tuscarora Nation was repeatedly attacked, its chiefs tortured, its people sold (10 pounds sterling each) into slavery. The survivors fled northward and settled among the Haudenosee (Iroquois) 5 Nations. 1713: CA - After loss of lands to England in the Treaty of Utrecht, France starts building Fortress Louisbourg near the eastern tip of l'Ile-Royale. 1713: NL - Via Azië en Rusland bereikt de (1e) veepest epidemie ons land.
21	1714	1714: Great Britain - Death of Queen Anne at Kensington Palace. A new parliament is elected with a strong Whig majority, led by Charles Townshend and Robert Walpole 1714: Great Britain - Quaker John Belles urges founding of hospitals as training grounds for medical students; Board of Longitude created, £20,000 competition for accurate maritime charts and maps 1714: Great Britain - George I,ruler of England to 1727. House of Hanover: Son of Elector of Hanover, by Sophia, grand-daughter of James I. Proclaimed King under Act of Settlement. 1714: Great Britain - Rioting by Tory and Jacobite mobs commonplace in London (unemployed soldiers, craftsmen), passage of Riot Act, giving increased power to Justices of the Peace through to 1715 1714: Great Britain - During period to 1742 there are no big increases from population of about 5.5 million but the distribution changes: East Anglia loses; West Country, South and East Midlands, East Riding and North (except Tyneside) fairly static; West Riding and South Lancashire increase; West Midlands, Surrey and Middlesex grow rapidly with London (London 500,000, Bristol 50,000; Manchester, Liverpool, Sheffield, Leeds, Halifax, Birmingham and Coventry, no longer sprawling villages, but still under 50,000); cause is immigration from cities and (in NW) from Ireland
22	1715	1715: Great Britain - Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant 1715: Scotland - The Jacobite Rebellion begins in Scotland with the aim of overthrowing the Hanovarian succession and placing the 'Old Pretender' - James II's son - on the throne. The rebellion is easily defeated 1715: Great Britain - The Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years
23	1716	1716: Italy - John Lombe steals plans for silk manufacture, returning to England he and brother Thomas build vast factory on island at Derby 1716: Scotland - James Lind was born. Lind was a Scottish physician who recommended that fresh citrus fruit and lemon juice be included in the seamen's diet to eliminate scurvy. The Dutch had been doing this for almost two hundred years. 1716: CA - Jacques Talbot came to Montreal as a schoolmaster.
24	1717	1717: Great Britain - Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended 1717: Europe - England allies with French and Dutch against Spanish, Spanish brought to heel in 1718 1717: Great Britain - Edmond Halley invents the diving bell. 1717: Great Britain - John Lombe in England invents a machine for 'throwing' silk which produces a strong twisted thread 1717: CA - Fort Kaministiquia was founded by French merchants to be the first in a series of forts reaching westward to expand trade and seek a route to the western sea. (Daniel Greysolon Dulhut had built a fort, (Fort Caministigoyan), at the same location on the Kaministiquia River in 1679.) 1717: NL - Bij een stormvloed tijdens de kerstmis komen in Groningen en Friesland 5000 mensen om.
25	1719	1719: Great Britain - The South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined after speculating with stock of the South Sea Company 1719: British North America - The first potato planted North Amercia was planted in Londonderry Common Field, New Hampshire.
26	1720	1720: Great Britain - Dr. Richard Mead publishes Short Discourse Concerning Pestilential Contagion, advocates quarantine, proposes establishment of government Council of Health; inoculation against smallpox introduced from Constantinople by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1720: Great Britain - Hospitals founded in London: Guy's, St. George's, London & Middlesex in period to 1745 1720: Meiringen, Switzerland - Invention of meringue is attributed to an Italian pastry chef named Gasparini. 1720: US - French forts along the Mississippi River spread northward from New Orleans. 1720: UK - Lord Baltimore sponsors expedition to bring settlers to Newfoundland.
27	1721	1721: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury. He remains in office until 1742 and effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister 1721: CA - 800 Acadians take oath of allegiance to the French.
28	1722	1722: Great Britain - First written reference to Stilton cheese in William Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum, letter V 1722: Great Britain - Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched 1722: France - C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher. 1722: US - The Tuscarora become the sixth tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy.
29	1723	1723: Great Britain - Legislation allowing parishes to create 'unions' or workhouses, to prevent escape of children they could be manacled 1723: Great Britain - Excise Act, restrictions removed on exports, duty removed on imports of raw materials; London builds bonded warhouse for tea, coffee and chocolate 1723: New England, USA - Dummer's War 1723-1726. 1723: NL - Grens tusschen Onstwedde en Pekela geregeld. 16 Jul 1723: Devon, Great Britain - Birth of Sir Joshua Reynolds (died 1792), arguably finest English landscape and portrait painter, career 1750-1780
30	1724	1724: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle develops passion for electioneering politics, becomes Secretary of State, controls government patronage for nearly 40 years 1724: Great Britain - Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.
31	1725	1725: CA - Claude-Thomas Dupuy was appointed intendant of New France. 1725: CA - Peter the Great sends Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific. 30 Apr 1725: Great Britain - Treaty of Vienna: Austria and Spain resolve differences
32	1726	1726: Scotland - First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his Gulliver's Travels 1726: Great Britain - English peers number 179, about 130 of whom are active 1726: CA - Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois was appointed as Governor of New France. 1726: CA - Thomas-Jacques Taschereau arrived in New France (Canada) as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy.
33	1727	1727: Great Britain - Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover) 1727: Great Britain - The Gentleman's Magazine, first modern magazine, published 1727: Great Britain - Rev. Stephen Hales publishes Vegetable Staticks, important contributions to chemistry and botany 1727: Great Britain - Provincial newspapers have increased from 8 in 1700 to 25 in 1727 1727: Great Britain - George II, ruler of England to 1760. House of Hanover: Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg. 14 May 1727: Great Britain - Baptism of Thomas Gainsborough, portrait painter influenced by Sir Joshua Reynolds
34	1728	1728: France - Pierre Fauchard, in The Surgeon Dentist, described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word dentist. 1728: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye was appointed commandant of the French posts on the north shore of Lake Superior and stationed at Fort Kaministiquia 1728: CA - Vitus Bering sails through the Bering Strait.
35	1729	1729: Great Britain - Alexander Pope publishes his Dunciad 1729: US - Natchez attacked French Fort Rosalie and French settlements nearby after the French commander of the fort, Sieur Chepart, ordered them to abandon their village of White Apple. The Natchez wiped out the entire settlement and captured Fort Rosalie. In 1730 and 1731 the French, aided by the Choctaw, launched two counterattacks out of New Orleans, capturing and selling into plantation slavery most of the tribe and its smaller allies. A few bands found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee. 1729: NL - De Dokkumer Nieuwe Zijlen aangelegd. 1729: NL - Willem IV stadhouder in de gewesten Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe en Gelderland.
36	1730	1730: Great Britain - A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend 1730: Ireland - Famine strikes 1730: Great Britain - In early part of 1700s, death rate had surpassed birth rate; begins to reverse; after 1780 death-rate plummets - due to replacement of gin-drinking with beer-drinking after taxes increased and retail sales curtailed on former in 1750; medical care improves, as does agriculture, more food available 1730: Great Britain - Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, discovered the element cobalt. Cobalt is used in steel making, and is an essential part of vitamin B12. 1730: UK - Seven Cherokee chiefs visit London and form an alliance, The Articles of Agreement, with King George II. 1730: CA - The Mississauga drive the Seneca Iroquois south of Lake Erie. 1730: NL - De aardappel wordt in ons land geintroduceerd, een Zuid-Amerikaans product.
37	1731	1731: Europe - Second Treaty of Vienna, Austria and Spain smooth out remaining differences 1731: CA - Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake established by Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye. This was the first fort in La Verendrye's expansion of the "Posts of the West". 1731: CA - For the next 12 years, the La Verendrye family organize expeditions beyond Lake Winnipeg and direct fur trade toward the east. 1731: NL - De paalworm teistert ons land, de worm vreet de palen in onze dijken op.
38	1732	1732: British North America - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America 1732: Great Britain - The English banned American made hats to protect domestic haberdashers. 1732: CA - Fort St. Charles, on Lake of the Woods was constructed by La Vérendrye's nephew, Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and his eldest son Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye.
39	1733	1733: Great Britain - The Excise Crisis occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise 1733: Europe - Further cementing of relations between Austria and Spain 1733: Great Britain - John Kay invents the flying shuttle. 1733: CA/US - Vitus Bering's second expedition, with George Wilhelm Steller aboard, the first naturalist to visit Alaska.
40	1734	1734: Great Britain - Walpole returned to power with smaller majority, power weakened 1734: CA - Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye establishes Fort Maurepas (Canada) on the Red River about five leagues south of Lake Winnipeg, third of the main La Vérendrye posts. (St. Pierre on Rainy River; reactivated; Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods.) 1734: CA - A Montreal slave named Marie-Joseph Angelique learns that she is to be sold to someone else. In an attempt to escape, she sets a fire in her mistress's house. The fire can not be contained, causing damage to half of Montreal. She is caught, tortured and hanged, bringing attention to the conditions of the slaves.
41	1735	1735: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau came to Fort St. Charles with La Vérendrye to carry out his duties as a missionary. 1735: NL - Jan Klatter, schuitvaarder van Pekela op Groningen.
42	1736	1736: Great Britain - John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude 1736: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle now controls clerical (religious) patronage 8 Jun 1736: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau, Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and 19 French voyageurs were headed from Fort St. Charles to Montreal via Fort St. Pierre. On their first night out they were massacred by Sioux warriors on a nearby island in Lake of the Woods.
43	1737	1737: Scotland - Porteous Riots 1737: America - Spain begins to attack British trade 1737: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 15, 1701 Died December 28, 1771) and some friends in Montreal, begin taking in the poor and educating abandoned children. 20 Nov 1737: Great Britain - Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
44	1738	1738: Great Britain - John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain 1738: Europe - Third Treaty of Vienna settles Polish question, gives Lorraine to France 1738: CA/US - Smallpox strikes the Cherokee in the Southeast, killing almost half the population. Smallpox also reaches tribes in western Canada. 1738: CA - Ester Bradeau, in the guise of a cabin boy, is the first known Jewish woman to arrive in Canada. Eventually she is deported to France for failing to embrace the Roman Catholic religion 1738: CA - Fort Rouge (the fort), built on the Assiniboine River near the Forks. 1738: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye travelled southwest from Fort La Reine to the area of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota.
45	1739	1739: Europe - Britain goes to war with Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish 1739: Great Britain - First 'Lying-in hospital' for women 1739: Europe - War with Spain, War with France; Britain uses German and Dutch mercenaries 1739: NL - De vroeg ingevallen strenge winter zorgt voor hongersnood.
46	1740	1740: Europe - Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe 1740: Great Britain - For stealing a handkerchief from the person a child could be hanged by the neck until dead 1740: Great Britain - Publication of the first novel, Samuel Richardson's Pamela 1740: British North America - War against France (to 1748) 1740: India - British War against the French, Major Stringer Lawrence and Robert Clive win for Britain (period to 1748) 1740: Great Britain - Quaker Benjamin Huntsman discovers method of making high-quality cast steel 1740: Europe/US - For the next 8 years, The War of the Austrian Succession, with the American counterpart King George's War. 1740: NL - Begin van 't koffiedrinken.
47	1741	1741: Ireland - Further famine, population about 4 million 1741: CA - First Fort Dauphin, was built near Winnipegosis, Manitoba. 1741: CA - Vitus Bering, in service of Russia, reaches Alaska; Russians soon trade with natives for sea otter pelts. 1741: CA - Fort Bourbon established near present day Grand Rapids, Manitoba. 1741: CA - François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil appointed commandant at Fort Kaministiquia.
48	1742	1742: Great Britain - Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Great Britain - Beginning with a bull calf from the cow Silver and two cows, Pidgeon and Mottle (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole resigns after criticism for advocating mercenaries; John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville succeeds him 1742: Williamsburg, British North America - The Compleat Housewife, or Accomplish'd Gentlewoman's Companion is the first cookbook published in America 1742: CA - First scientific report on the North Pacific fur seal. 1742: CA - First Fort Paskoya built by La Verendrye at Cedar Lake.
49	1743	1743: Great Britain - Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 1743: CA - Concentrated hunting of sea otter by Russia begins. 1743: CA - Father Claude-Godefroy Coquart joins La Vérendrye at Fort La Reine 27 Jun 1743: Germany - Battle of Dettingen - King George II is victorious
50	1744	1744: Great Britain - King George's War: French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744-1748. 1744: Treaty of Lancaster (English-Iroquois). 1744: CA - Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont succeeded Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye as the Commandant of the western French forts. 15 Mar 1744: France declares war on England
51	1745	1745: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole dies 1745: Great Britain - E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor. 1745: Western Highlands, Scotland - Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James III, lands and triggers a Jacobite Rebellion 1745: Great Britain - Scots reach Derby; 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' is inexplicably persuaded to turn back, loses initiative 1745: Scotland - The secret formula for Drambuie liqueur is given to the Mackinnon family by Prince Charles Edward. 1745: NL - De landbouw wordt geconfronteerd met de tweede veepestepidemie. 11 May 1745: Fonteney, Austrian Netherlands - Battle of Fontenoy (Flanders/Belgium), George's son, Duke of Cumberland, leads Britain's defeat 17 Jun 1745: CA - Louisbourg surrenders to English after six-week siege. 21 Sep 1745: Scotland - a Scottish victory at the Battle of Prestonpans
52	1746	1746: England - William Pitt (the elder) enters government 1746: Typhoid fever epidemic breaks out among the Micmac of Nova Scotia. 1 Mar 1746: CA - Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, was appointed governor general of New France 16 Apr 1746: Culloden, Scotland - Battle of Culloden, Scots defeated by Cumberland; fails to capture Charles who, after five months, escapes to France 16 Apr 1746: UK - The Battle of Culloden (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Chùil Lodair) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. It was the last land battle to be fought on mainland Britain. Culloden brought the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—to a decisive defeat. 30 Aug 1746: CA - Duc d'Anville, a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America. Oct 1746: CA - Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.
53	1747	1747: Great Britain - Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes 1747: Great Britain - Art of Cookery, by Hannah Glasse is published. 1747: British North America - The oldest cattle ranch in the US was started at Montauk on Long Island, New York. 1747: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 1701 Died December 28, 1771) founds the Sisters of Charity or the Grey Nuns of Montreal. 1747: NL - Willem IV wordt erfstadhouder van alle gewesten. 11 Feb 1747: CA - Nova Scotia, a surprise mid-winter attack is launched about three o'clock on the morning on Col. Arthur Noble's detachment of British troops from Massachusetts, by a French and Indian force under Nicholas Antoine Coulon de Villiers. Noble and about 70 of his men were killed.
54	1748	1748: CA - Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), including Louisbourg is returned to France by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties. 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties. 1748: NL - In Amsterdam worden op de Dam twee plunderaars opgehangen. 18 Oct 1748: Great Britain - The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
55	1749	1749: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 41, children 1 in 15 during period to 1758 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg. 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career. 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg. 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career.
56	1750	1750: Great Britain - The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the 'forbidden fruit' of Barbados 1750: Scotland - Royal Infirmaries are founded in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen 1750: Great Britain - Tea-drinking begins to rival alcohol-drinking 1750: Great Britain - Population of England and Wales estimated at 6.5 million 1750: Great Britain - During period to 1780 English countryside takes on today's familiar apearance as accelerated enclosure produces small fields surrounded by hedges, fences and walls 1750: CA - The Ojibwa begin to emerge as a distinct tribal amalgamation of smaller independent bands. 1750: CA - German immigrants begin to arrive in numbers at Halifax. 1750: NL - Het sterfjaar van Johann Sebastian Bach.
57	1751	1751: British North America - Benjamin Franklin published Experiments and Observations on Electricity after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Great Britain - Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne 1751: CA - Fort Le Jonquiere was established in 1751 by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre on the Saskatchewan River (probably in the Nipawin, Sask. area). 1751: NL - Willem IV overlijdt. Willem V wordt de eerste onbenoemde stadhouder.
58	1752	1752: Great Britain - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Great Britain - Sir John Pringle (1707-1782), Scottish Army physician, publishes Observations on Diseases of the Army, institutes rules for camp hygiene, clothing and diet, shows how dysentery and malaria spread, identifies hospital / camp / gaol (jail) / ship fever as typhus 1752: EU - Start of The Seven Years' War, King George's War: -- English (in New Canada) and French (in New France) duke it out, with Indian allies on each side. Both sides build forts or fortify trading posts in Indian country on the above map. Choctaw, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Cherokee, some Creeks, fight against English; Mohawks, Chickasaw fight for English against French. 1752: CA- French kill Miami chief, fortify the Ohio Valley region with forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio River 1752: CA- -La Corne began a three-year appointment as the western commander of the poste de l’Ouest 1752: UK - The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar. 1 Jan 1752: Great Britain - Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain 23 Mar 1752: CA - Canada's first newspaper, the weekly Halifax Gazette, appears
59	1753	1753: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Naturalization of Jews Act 1753: Great Britain - James Lind (1716-1794) Scottish Navy physician, publishes Treatise on Scurvy; Sir Gilbert Blane, Scottish Naval surgeon, enforces strict rules regarding cleanliness, improves health, lifespan of sailors 1753: CA - The 2nd Fort Paskoya built at a new location which became the Pas. 1753: CA - A trading post, to be later known as Fort de la Corne was built just below the junction of the two branches of the Saskatchewan. 1753: CA - Fort Rouge rebuilt by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at its original location.