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 1783 - 1821 (~ 38 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1783 | - 1783: Great Britain - Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon.
- 1783: Great Britain - Fox-North coalition established
- 1783: Great Britain - Britain recognises American independence at the Treaty of Paris.
- 1783: Ireland - Act of Renunciation gives Ireland rights in legislation and judication
- 1783: Great Britain - William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister, simplifies taxes and customs duties, tries to pacify Ireland, abolish slave-trading and laws preventing Catholics holding office; returns Florida and Minorca to Spain and Senegal to France
- 1783: Great Britain - Englishman Henry Cort invents the Rolling Mill for steel production.
- 1783: Great Britain - Sébastien Lenormand demonstrates the first parachute.
- 1783: Great Britain - Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock.
- 1783: US - American independence is formally recognized at the Treaty of Paris.
- 1783: CA/US/UK - The success of the rebellious 13 American colonies leaves the British with the poorest remnants of their New World empire and the determination to prevent a second revolution. However, they have to accommodate the roughly 50,000 refugees from the American Revolution who settle in Nova Scotia and the upper St. Lawrence. These United Empire Loyalists soon begin to agitate for the political and property rights they had previously enjoyed in the thirteen colonies.
- 1783: CA/US - Treaty of Paris gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland, but not to dry or cure fish on land.
- 1783: CA - More than 5,000 Blacks leave the United States to live in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario. Having sided with the British during the American War of Independence, they come to Canada as United Empire Loyalists, some as free men and some as slaves. Although promised land by the British, they receive only varying amounts of poor-quality land, and, in fact, some receive none at all.
- 1783: CA - In Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Rose Fortune becomes Canada's first policewoman.
- 1783: CA/US - The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods.
- 1783: CA - In the area around the mouth of the St. John River, those who fled the thirteen American colonies by 1783 are called United Empire Loyalists. Those who arrive after 1783 are called Late Loyalists.
- 1783: CA - Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into southwestern Ontario.
- 1783: US - Vermont delays entering the Union, because Congress is partial to New York, and because of the General Government's indebtedness, for which Vermont is not bound.
- 20 Jan 1783: US/UK - Preliminaries of peace are signed between Great Britain and the United States.
- 2 Apr 1783: Great Britain - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig)
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| 2 | 1784 | |
| 3 | 1785 | - 1785: Great Britain - William Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated
- 1785: Great Britain - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invents the torsion balance.
- 1785: Great Britain - Blanchard invents a working parachute.
- 1785: Great Britain - Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.
- 1785: France - Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching.
- 1785: Scotland - Glasgow triples in size, has 54 cotton mills in full work during period to 1818
- 1785: USA - Oliver Evans of Newport, Delaware invented the automatic flour-milling machinery that revolutionized the industry.
- 1785: UK - Introduction of Power loom in England for weaving cloth
- 1785: CA - The city of Saint John, New Brunswick is incorporated. Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859).
- 1785: CA - New Brunswick is separated from Nova Scotia
- 1785: CA - Du Calvet proposes Canadian representation in the British Parliament, three members, each, for the Districts of Quebec and Montreal.
- 1785: CA - To a proposed Elective Legislature, it is objected that French Canadians do not wish to change their customary laws, and that there are not enough fit men to compose a Legislature.
- 1785: CA - Isaac Brock takes command of the 49th Foot, which would be the backbone of the British Empire forces in Canada during the War of 1812.
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| 4 | 1786 | - 1786: Great Britain - The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up
- 1786: Pennsylvania, USA - John Fitch invents a steamboat.
- 1786: CA - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland allowed to import goods from the United States.
- 1786: CA - John Molson founds his first brewery in Montreal.
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| 5 | 1787 | - 1787: Windsor, Great Britain - In Windsor Great Park, King George III alights from carriage and addresses oak tree as King of Prussia, but eventually recovers from this attack of dementia; first colonies in Australia, first iron boat launched
- 1787: CA - Prince William Henry (future William IV) lands at Quebec.
- 1787: CA - The Toronto Purchase was an agreement between the British crown and the Mississaugas of New Credit in 1787. The Mississaugas of New Credit exchanged for 250,808 acres (101,528 hectares) of land in Toronto for 149 barrels of goods and a small amount of cash. A revision of the deal was made in 1805.
The land sold consists of:
former city of Etobicoke, Ontario
former city of North York, Ontario
former city of Toronto, Ontario
west end of the former city of Scarborough, Ontario
former city of York, Ontario
former city of East York, Ontario
City of Vaughan, Ontario
King Township
Western end of Markham, Ontario (or Thornhill, Ontario)
Western end of Whitchurch
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| 6 | 1788 | - 1788: Great Britain - Time to travel from London to Manchester reduced from 4.5 days to 28 hours
- 1788: CA - Attorney-General Monk and Solicitor-General Williams are of opinion that, as the Jesuits have no civil existence as a Canadian corporation, their estates accrue to the Crown.
- 1788: CA - Ontario is divided into five districts, under English law.
- 22 Jan 1788: Great Britain - Birth of Lord Byron (died 1824)
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| 7 | 1789 | - 1789: France - French Revolution, Louis XVI, many aristocrats and others executed, France declares war on European monarchies
- 1789: France - The guillotine is invented.
- 1789: Great Britain - The French Revolution sounded the death knoll toward elaborate and affected dress and hairdos. The powdered wig and towering women's hair styles passed from fashion. Simpler, more practical clothes emerged. Boys wore the skeleton suit, often with a comfortable open collar, and by the end of the century with plebian long trousers.
- 1789: USA - Thomas Jefferson brought a pasta making machine back with him when he returned to America after serving as ambassador to France.
- 1789: Switzerland - Dr. Pierre Ordinaire creates an absinthe elixir
- 1789: For the next 4 years, Alexander Mackenzie of Canada, seeking northern river route to the Pacific, travels to the Arctic Ocean; on second journey he crosses continent by land, making contact with many tribes.
- 1789: FR - The French Revolution begins
- 1789: CA - Lord Grenville proposes that lands in Upper Canada be held in free and common soccage, and that the tenure of Lower Canadian lands be optional with the inhabitants.
- 1789: NL - George Washington wordt de eerste President van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika.
- 1789: NL - Bestorming van de Bastille en het begin van de Franse Revolutie.
- 30 Apr 1789: USA - George Washington first president of the United States 1789-1797.
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| 8 | 1790 | - 1790: Great Britain - Edmund Burke publishes his Reflections on the Revolution in France
- 1790: Great Britain - Lower-class radicalism increases, Habeas Corpus Act temporarily suspended
- 1790: USA - The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton.
- 1790: USA - Samuel Slater opens the first U.S. cotton mill in Rhode Island. Thomas Saint in England invents the first cloth-stitching machine.
- 1790: Great Britain - Marie, Vicomte de Botherel, born. He installed kitchens on buses in Paris suburbs in 1839, the first restaurant cars.
- 1790: Great Britain - Marie Harel is said to have developed Camembert cheese in Normandy.
- 1790: CA - British Captain George Vancouver begins his three-year survey of northwest coast of North America
- 1790: CA - Spain signs the Nootka Convention, ceding the Pacific Northwest to England and the United States.
- 7 Oct 1790: US - New York consents to Vermont's admission to the Union, with cessation of New York's jurisdiction, in the disputed territory.
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| 9 | 1791 | - 1791: Great Britain - The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat
- 1791: Great Britain - James Boswell publishes his Life of Johnson and Thomas Paine, his Rights of Man
- 1791: Great Britain - John Barber invents the gas turbine.
- 1791: CA - The Province of Lower Canada was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 from the partition of the British colony of the Province of Quebec (1763-1791) into the Province of Lower Canada and the Province of Upper Canada.
Lower Canada consisted of part of former French colony of New France, populated mainly by French Canadians, which was ceded to Great Britain after that empire's victory in the Seven Years' War
- 1791: CA - Edmund Burke supports the proposed constitution for Canada, saying that: "To attempt to amalgamate two populations, composed of races of men diverse in language, laws and habitudes, is a complete absurdity. Let the proposed constitution be founded on man's nature, the only solid basis for an enduring government.
- 1791: CA - Fox declares that England can retain Canada "through the good will of the Canadians, alone."
- 1791: CA - Lord Grenville, denying that Canadian attachment to French jurisprudence is due to prejudice, says it is founded "on the noblest sentiments of the human breast."
- 1791: CA/US - George Vancouver leaves England to explore the west coast; Alejandro Malaspina also explores the northwest coast for Spain.
- 1791: CA - In response to Loyalist demands, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divides Quebec into Lower Canada (mostly French) and Upper Canada (mostly English who recently migrated from America). In so doing, the Crown hopes to create a stable society that is distinctly non-American. Although French-Canadians retain the privileges granted by the Quebec Act, the Anglican church receives preferred status, including the clergy reserves.
An Anglo-French colonial aristocracy of rich merchants, leading officials, and landholders is expected to work with the royal governors to ensure proper order. Legislative assemblies, although elected by propertied voters, have little real power.
- 1791: CA - Population of Lower Canada is 160,000. Population of Upper Canada is 14,000.
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| 10 | 1792 | - 1792: Italy - Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals 'consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard'
- 1792: Great Britain - Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her Vindication of the Rights of Women
- 1792: Great Britain - Cartwright invents steam-powered weaving loom
- 1792: Great Britain - The first ambulance.
- 1792: CA - A large number of the Black Loyalists in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia migrate to Sierra Leone in West Africa, mainly because the promises of land in Canada were not kept by the British.
- 7 May 1792: CA - Lower Canada is divided into 21 counties.
- 15 Oct 1792: CA - The law of England is introduced in Upper Canada.
- Dec 1792: CA - A bill to abolish slavery, in Lower Canada, does not pass.
- 20 Dec 1792: CA - A fortnightly mail is established between Canada and the United States.
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| 11 | 1793 | - 1793: Great Britain - Economic depression
- 1793: Great Britain - Speculative 'Canal Bubble' bursts
- 1793: Great Britain - Board of Agriculture formed to popularise new methods and machinery
- 1793: Great Britain - Britain becomes foremost world trader during period to 1815
- 1793: Great Britain - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin which efficiently separates cotton fibers from the seeds, allowing one person to do a job once done by 50 people. This profoundly changes the economics of raising cotton, revitalizing slavery in the American South.
- 1793: CA - Merchant vessels first navigate Lake Ontario.
- 1 Feb 1793: Great Britain - France declares war on Britain
- 9 Jul 1793: CA - Act Against Slavery passed into law, making Upper Canada the first British territory to bring in legislation against slavery, although it does not abolish slavery entirely.
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| 12 | 1794 | - 1794: Great Britain - Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that 'warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity.'
- 1794: Great Britain - Metric system introduced in France
- 1794: Great Britain - More lower-class radicalism, Habeas Corpus suspended again, instigators charged with treason, in Scotland found guilty and transported
- 1794: Great Britain - Welshman Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.
- 1794: Great Britain - Total of 40,000 British troops die in West Indies in war with France over two year period
- 1794: CA/US - Jay Treaty establishes neutral commission to settle border disputes between United States and Canada; restores trade between the United States and British colonies of Canada; also guarantees Indians free movement across the border.
- 1 Jun 1794: Great Britain - Howe defeats French fleet at Ushant
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| 13 | 1795 | - 1795: Great Britain - The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence
- 1795: Ireland - Near-civil war between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland, erupts in 1798, takes nearly a year to suppress
- 1795: Great Britain - New Treason and Sedition Act passed
- 1795: Great Britain - Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food.
- 1795: CA - British create protective tariffs to encourage timber production for Navy after Napoléon Bonaparte cuts off Baltic supply of tall trees and hardwood. First in New Brunswick then in Lower and Upper Canada. Montreal merchants expand transport to handle trade.
- 1795: CA - A road Act is passed, in Lower Canada, though opposed by country people, who fear a return of the Statue labor of Governor Haldimand's time.
- 1795: CA - A Canadian regiment is raised, but is disbanded, owing to Britain's unfavorable experience of training colonists to the use of arms.
- 1795: NL - De periode 1795-1814 wordt gekenmerkt door grote armoede, zelfs voor de hoge stand.
- 1795: NL - Utrecht wordt bezet door het Franse leger. Willem V vlucht naar Engeland.
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| 14 | 1796 | - 1796: Great Britain - Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity
- 1796: Italy - General Napoleon Bonaparte appears on scene, attacks Austrian armies
- 1796: Ceylon - British conquer Ceylon
- 1796: CA - About 600 Blacks from Jamaica are deported to Nova Scotia. Known as Maroons, they help rebuild the Halifax Citadel. In 1800, most of them leave for Sierra Leone, Africa.
- 1796: CA - York becomes the capital of Upper Canada.
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| 15 | 1797 | - 1797: Europe - All Europe makes peace with France save Britain, sea battle off Cape St. Vincent (off Spanish coast), Jervis and Nelson (then Captain) utterly defeat big French and Spanish fleet
- 1797: Great Britain - Royal Navy sailors at Spithead and the Nore mutiny over deplorable conditions
- 1797: USA - John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801.
- 1797: Great Britain - A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe.
- 1797: Great Britain - Wittemore patents a carding machine.
- 1797: Great Britain - John Hetherington in London develops the top hat.
- 1797: Great Britain - Major Dubied purchased the formula for an 'absinthe elixir' and together with his son, Henri-Louis Pernod sets up an absinthe factory in Switzerland.
- 1797: NL - Kollumer Oproer. In de Franse tijd stonden Patriotten en Prinsgezinden soms fel tegen over elkaar. Dat was ook al zo voordat de Fransen ons land introkken. In het jaar 1797 bleek, dat de Oranjeliefde nog sterk leefde onder het gewone volk. Het kwam tot een uitbarsting, die bekend staat als het Kollumer Oproer. In de gemeente Kollumerland ontstonden onregelmatigheden. Op woensdag 18 januari 1797 werden de bewoners van Kollumerzwaag opgeroepen om na te gaan wie van hen geschikt waren voor de "burgerwapening". En op zaterdag 28 januari werd de bevolking van Burum opgeroepen. Onder hen was ook ene Abele Reitzes, de zoon van de weduwe van Reitze Abels. Toen Abele uit Kollum terug kwam, riep hij "Oranje Boven". Daarop werd hij in de nacht van 2 op 3 februari gevangen genomen. Eerst werd hij vastgezet in het Rechthuis te Kollum met het doel hem later over te brengen naar het blokhuis te Leeuwarden. De arrestatie van Abele was de druppel die de emmer deed overlopen. Uit het westen van de gemeente kwamen velen naar Kollum om Abele te bevrijden. Onderweg naar Kollum werden al enige huizen in brand gestoken. De mannen waren bewapend met zeisen, snoeimessen, sikkels, en alles wat maar kon dienen om de tegenstanders schrik aan te jagen. De kamer van de secretaris werd bezet. De secretaris werd gedwongen een verklaring te tekenen dat niemand deze daad met enig leed zou moeten betalen. Ook werd Abele Reitzes onder dwang vrij gelaten. Ondertussen werd echter het gezag in Leeuwarden gewaarschuwd. Er werd versterking gestuurd en een aantal oproerkraaiers werd gevangen gezet in de kerk, waaronder Jan Binnes van Oudwoude. De volgende dag kwamen aanhangers van deze Jan Binnes weer in grote getale naar Kollum. Aangevuld met mensen uit de Dongeradelen en Burum werden de troepen van de patriotten uit Kollum verdreven. Een detachement ruiters met friese paarden en twee veldstukken werd naar Kollum en omgeving gestuurd en de rust keerde weer. De volgende dagen werden in geheel noord en noordoost-friesland rebellen gevangen genomen. Er werden zware straffen opgelegd aan 168 gevangen genomen Prinsgezinden. Jan Binnes en (later) Salomon Levy werden ter dood gebracht, terwijl anderen hoge boetes kregen opgelegd.
- 18 Jan 1797: CA - A weekly mail is established between Canada and the United States. This notice appears in the Quebec Gazette: "A mail for the upper counties, comprehending Niagara and Detroit, will be closed, at this office, on Monday, 30th instant, at four o'clock in the evening, to be forwarded, from Montreal, by the annual winter express, on Thursday, 2nd February next."
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| 16 | 1798 | - 1798: Great Britain - Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio.
- 1798: Great Britain - Introduction of An income tax of ten percent on incomes over £200.
- 1798: Egypt - Battle of the Nile, Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet smashed
- 1798: Ireland - Catholic uprising
- 1798: Great Britain - Wordsworth and Coleridge publish Lyrical Ballads
- 1798: Great Britain - Franco-American Naval War: United States vs France 1798-1800.
- 1798: Great Britain - Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.
- 1798: Great Britain - The first soft drink id invented.
- 1798: UK/FR - Napoleon invades Egypt. Horatio Nelson and British Navy defeat French at Battle of the Nile.
- 1798: CA/US - Indian chiefs, in Canada, claim from Vermont an equivalent of the greater part of Addison, Chittenden, Franklin and Grand Isle counties. They get their expenses to and fro.
- 1798: NL - Twee staatsgrepen in één jaar.
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| 17 | 1799 | - 1799: Great Britain - Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France
- 1799: France - Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France
- 1799: Great Britain - Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins
- 1799: France - Napoleon becomes President of France; amendments to Treason and Sedition Act
- 1799: Great Britain - Alessandro Volta invents the battery.
- 1799: Great Britain - Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making.
- 1799: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 913, children 1 in 115. For the first time London birth rate passes death rate, continues until introduction of water closet deposits effluence in Thames (source of potable water) and typhoid returns
- 1799: Great Britain - Eliza Acton Born. She wrote the first cookbook for the housewife, rather than for the professional chef.
- 1799: France - Joseph-Louis Proust, a French chemist, extracted sugar from grapes, and proved it identical to sugar extracted from honey.
- 1799: CA - Handsome Lake, a Seneca chief, founds the Longhouse religion
- 1799: CA/US - American competition for West Indies trade kills Liverpool, Nova Scotia's merchant fleet.
- 1799: CA/US - Vermont answers Indian chiefs, in Canada, that their claims were extinguished by treaties of 1763 and 1783 between France, Great Britain and the United States.
- 1799: NL - Op 31 december wordt de VOC formeel ontbonden.
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| 18 | 1800 | |
| 19 | 1801 | - 1801: UK - The first British Census is undertaken
- 1801: UK - Population of England and Wales now 10 million, Great Britain estimated at 11 million, biggest increases in North and West Midlands, London now 1 million plus, Manchester 137,201, Glasgow and Edinburgh 100,000 plus, England has 8 towns larger than 50,000, 6 of them in the North; Lord Dundas travels on Scottish canal in small steamboat - beginning of steamboat travel
- 1801: UK - Tripolitan War 1801-1805. Barbary Wars: also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1801-1805.
- 1801: USA - Thomas Jefferson president of the USA 1801-1809.
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| 20 | 1802 | - 1802: UK - Peace with France is established. Peel introduces the first factory legislation
- 1802: UK - Ineffective Treaty of Amiens signed with French
- 1802: CA - First Nations massacre Russians at Old Sitka; only a few survive.
- 1802: CA - Saint Mary's University is founded at Halifax.
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| 21 | 1803 | - 1803: UK - Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
- 1803: UK - Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
- 1803: UK - Threat of French invasion causes flood of volunteers, army of half a million fielded during period to 1805
- 1803: US - Thomas Jefferson completes Louisiana Purchase extending U.S. control west of the Mississippi River; federal plans to resettle Eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi soon begin.
- 1803: US - John Colter becomes the fourth man selected by William Clark to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
- 1803: NL - Oorlog tussen Frankrijk en Engeland. De Engelsen veroveren de Nederlandse koloniën.
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| 22 | 1804 | - 1804: France - Napoleon crowned Emperor of France
- 1804: UK - John Dalton establishes atomic theory
- 1804: UK - Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive.
- 1804: UK - Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting.
- 1804: US - Lewis and Clark start up the Missouri River.
- 1804: CA/US - 1,400 American ships are fishing off Labrador and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
- 1804: CA - Locks are placed at Coteau, the Cascades and at Long Sault.
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| 23 | 1805 | - 1805: UK - Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen
- 1805: UK/FR - Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats French at Battle of Trafalgar.
- 1805: US - Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean.
- 1805: CA/US - Vermont passes an act to establish the line between that State and Canada
- 1805: NL - Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck raadpensionaris.
- 21 Oct 1805: UK - Battle of Trafalgar, Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson trounces French and Spanish fleets for Britain, is mortally wounded; John Wilkinson expires, buried in iron coffin
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| 24 | 1806 | - 1806: Africa - Cape Colony passes under British control
- 1806: UK - Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, asparagine' from asparagus.
- 1806: UK - Sir Humphry Davy discovers sodium, magnesium, potassium, many other metals, and chlorine
- 1806: CA - Minor trouble arises after 1806 when a governor attempts to anglicize Lower Canada, but he is able to quell dissent if not to achieve his goal.
- 1806: US - On return trip John Colter is released from the Lewis and Clark Expedition to join Forrest Hancock and Joseph Dickson (Dixon) to trap the Yellowstone River.
- 1806: CA - Le Canadien, a Quebec nationalist newspaper, is founded.
- 1806: NL - Het 3 Guldenmuntstuk wordt vervangen door de rijksdaalder.
- 1806: NL - Willem V overlijdt in Brunswijk. Lodewijk Napoleon koning van Holland.
- 23 Jan 1806: UK - Death of Pitt the Younger
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| 25 | 1807 | - 1807: UK - Trading in slaves made illegal in England by work of Wilberforce
- 1807: UK - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig)
- 1807: USA - Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat
- 1807: UK - The slave trade is abolished in the British Empire, although slavery continues in the colonies.
- 1807: US - The British ship Leopard searches the U.S. Chesapeake for deserters, kills some of the crew and takes Radford, who is hanged. Pending satisfaction, the United States close their ports to British ships, though reparation is tendered.
- 1807: US/UK - Thomas Jefferson signs bill banning all foreign trade following British attacks on American shipping.
- 1807: NL - De ontploffing van het kruitschip in Leiden.
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| 26 | 1808 | - 1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814)
- 1808: Portugal - Battle of Vimeiro is a British victory; British casualties less than 40,000 dead
- 1808: CA - The Upper Canada Militia Act 1808 states that all males between ages of sixteen and sixty are required to enroll as militiamen and are to be called out once a year for exercises
- 1808: NL - Oude Pekela heeft 3371 inwoners, Nieuwe Pekela heeft 3299 inwoners.
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| 27 | 1809 | - 1809: UK - Two-year commercial boom in Britain
- 1809: USA - James Madison president of the USA 1809-1817.
- 1809: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp.
- 1809: UK - Grain famine each of the years to 1812
- 1809: US - Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Southeast against the United States. His brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
- 1809: US - For the next 24 years, Sequoyah single-handedly creates a Cherokee syllabic alphabet so that his people's language can be written.
- 1809: US - American President James Madison reinstates the embargo on British trade.
- 3 Nov 1809: CA - John Molson's steam-boat Accommodation starts for Quebec City. It is 85 feet over all, has a 6 horse-power engine, makes the distance in 36 hours, but stops at night and reaches Quebec on November 6. The Accommodation is the second steam-boat in America and, probably, in the world.
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| 28 | 1810 | - 1810: UK - Final illness of George III begins
- 1810: Germany - Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press.
- 1810: UK - Over the next decade the death rate in England and Wales reaches 21.1 in 1000
- 1810: US - War Hawks advocate war with Britain, which has been harassing American shipping.
- 1810: NL - Het Koninkrijk Holland wordt bij Frankrijk ingelijfd.
- Mar 1810: CA - Le Canadien of Quebec is suppressed, for "seditious utterances." Soldiers, led by a magistrate, seize the plant and apprehend the printer. Warrants to arrest Bedard, Taschereau, Papineau, Viger and others are issued. The Governor asks: "During the fifty years you have been under British rule, has one act of oppression, one instance of arbitrary imprisonment, of violation of property, or of the rights of conscience ever occurred?"
- 26 Nov 1810: CA - John Molson asks the exclusive right to construct and navigate steam-boats, on the St. Lawrence, for 15 years.
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| 29 | 1811 | - 1811: UK - Depression caused by Orders of Council.
- 1811: UK - George III's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent
- 1811: UK - Ned Ludd leads rioters who smash machinery, burn factories, followers known as Luddites
- 1811: UK - Birth rate falls all over England during the next 20 years
- 1811: US - Buildup to war. President James Madison, in his message to Congress, says: "We have seen the British Cabinet not only persist, in refusing satisfaction demanded for the wrongs we have already suffered, but it is extending to our own waters that blockade, which is become a virtual war against us, through a stoppage of our legitimate commerce."
- 1811: NL - De Engelsen veroveren Java als laatste kolonie van Holland.
- 1811: NL - Invoering van de burgerlijke stand en kadaster.
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| 30 | 1812 | - 1812: France - Georges Cuvier, in Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe, maintained the stratigraphic succession proved that fossils occur in the chronological order of creation: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals.
- 1812: UK - Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated in the House of Commons by a disgruntled bankrupt
- 1812: Russia - Napoleon attacks Russia, defeated
- 1812: London, UK - Cylinder Printing press invented and adopted by The Times
- 1812: USA - War of 1812: United States vs Great Britain 1812-1815.
- 1812: US/UK/FR - The Americans gain several victories, on the water, as Napoleon engages the British attention.
- 1812: CA/US - The United States calls out 175,000 men, Canada 2,000.
- 1812: NL - Tocht naar Rusland.
- 18 Jun 1812: CA/US/UK - The U.S. declares war on Britain, beginning the War of 1812. There are but 4,000 British troops in Canada. Sir George Prevost is Governor. Four Canadian battalions are assembled, and the Citadel at Quebec is guarded by the inhabitants.
- 11 Jul 1812: CA/US - Americans under General William Hull invade Canada from Detroit.
- 16 Aug 1812: CA/US - Sir Isaac Brock with a force of 1,350, nearly half Indians, takes Detroit. He paroles many of Hull's 2,000.
- 20 Aug 1812: CA - Launch of John Molson's second steamboat, the Swiftsure, at Montreal.
- Oct 1812: CA/US - Almost half of Vermont's Legislators regard war as needless and impolitic; but Vermont imposes a penalty of $1,000 for every unauthorized communication with Canadians.
- 13 Oct 1812: CA/US - Stephen Van Rensselaer's command is repulsed, on Queenston Heights by Gen. Sheaffe and Governor Brock, who is killed. Of the 10,000 under Van Rensselaer, many were unwilling to invade, though willing to defend the United States.
- 13 Oct 1812: CA/US - Fighting on the same side as British militia and Mohawk Indians, a group of black soldiers helps force American invaders to retreat in the Battle of Queenston Heights.
- 25 Oct 1812: CA/US - Battle at St. Regis.
- 20 Nov 1812: CA/US - Henry Dearborn's command cross the Lacolle. Charles de Salaberry eludes them, and, in the haze, U.S. troops fire upon each other.
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| 31 | 1813 | - 1813: UK - Canned food was invented for the British Navy by Peter Durand. The cans were made of solid iron and usually weighed more than the food inside them
- 1813: UK - Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is published.
- 1813: India - The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished
- 1813: Portugal - British victory at Battle of Vittorio
- 1813: UK - 2300 power looms in use, by 1833 - 100,000
- 1813: USA - Creek War: United States vs Creek Indians 1813-1814.
- 1813: CA - Quebec City has a shipping year involving 198 vessels, of 46,514 tons.
- 1813: NL - De Fransen verlaten ons land. Koning Willem I aanvaardt de soevereiniteit als constitutioneel vorst.
- 22 Jan 1813: CA/US - General Henry Proctor's 1,300 British and Indians capture 495 U.S. troops, under General Winchester.
- 7 Feb 1813: CA/US - Battle of Elizabethtown.
- 27 Apr 1813: CA/US - Battle of York: The Americans, under Henry Dearborn, take York, but the explosion of a magazine kills many of them. Americans burn York.
- 5 May 1813: CA/US - Battle of Fort George.
- 1 Jun 1813: US/UK - The English frigate "Shannon" takes the "Chesapeake," in 15 minutes, off Boston.
- 3 Jun 1813: US/UK - The "Growler" and the "Eagle," which left Plattsburg, yesterday, are taken by the British gun-boats they pursued
- 7 Jun 1813: CA/US - Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder and 120 U.S. troops, at Burlington Heights, by Lieut. Col. Harvey. The Battle of Stoney Creek is a Canadian victory.
- 23 Jun 1813: CA/US - Battle of Beaver Dams is a Canadian victory, in part due to Laura Secord's famous 32 km. walk to warn Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, who had already been warned by Indians.
- 30 Jul 1813: US/UK - The British destroy Plattsburg's barracks, and fire at Burlington, but avoid the reply.
- 10 Sep 1813: CA - The Battle of Put-in-Bay (Lake Erie) is an American victory vs. Great Britain. This ensured American control of the lake for the remainder of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh.
- 5 Oct 1813: US - The Battle of Moraviantown, also known as the Battle of the Thames, is an American victory. British supporter and Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh is killed.
- 25 Oct 1813: CA/US - The Battle of Chateauguay, with mostly French-Canadian soldiers is a Canadian victory over larger numbers of American troops.
- 26 Oct 1813: CA/US - General Hampton, commanding 7,000 U.S. troops, ignorant of Col. Charles de Salaberry's experience, and expecting French desertions, divides his force. Part lose their way; the rest spend their strength in a maze of obstructions. De Salaberry gains the thanks of the commander-in-chief and of both Houses, and decoration by then Prince Regent George IV .
- 11 Nov 1813: CA/US - The Battle of Crysler's Farm, with English-Canadian soldiers, is a Canadian victory over larger American troops.
- 19 Dec 1813: CA/US - Col. Murray takes Fort Niagara.
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| 32 | 1814 | - 1814: France - Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Isle of Elba
- 1814: UK - George Stephenson designs a steam locomotive.
- 1814: UK - Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph.
- 1814: Germany - Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects.
- 1814: UK - The first plastic surgery is performed
- 1814: NL - Op 23 mei geven de Fransen hun laatste steunpunt, Delfzijl, op.
- 6 May 1814: CA/US - The British, under Henry Drummond, burn Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario.
- 5 Jul 1814: CA/US - The Battle of Chippawa was a victory for the American army in the War of 1812, during an invasion of Upper Canada along the Niagara River. It was the first victory for American soldiers against an equal British force in the field.
- 25 Jul 1814: CA/US - The United States lose about 1,000 of 3,000 at the Battle of Lundy's Lane.
- Aug 1814: CA - 4,000 of Wellington's veterans have reached Canada.
- Aug 1814: US/UK - General Ross takes Washington, D.C.
- Aug 1814: US/UK - At New Orleans, sharp-shooters, behind cotton bales, repulse the British.
- Aug 1814: US/UK - Envoys consider terms of peace, at Ghent.
- 1 Aug 1814: US/UK - until Nov.5, The Siege of Fort Erie was one of the last engagements between British and American forces during the Niagara campaign of the War of 1812. The Americans successfully defended Fort Erie against the British Army, but subsequently abandoned it.
- 11 Aug 1814: US/UK - The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final invasion of the northern states during the War of 1812. Fought shortly before the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the American victory denied the British leverage to demand exclusive control over the Great Lakes and any territorial gains against the New England states. Contrary to some beliefs, the Battle was decided by the naval engagement. The American victory on the lake forced Prevost to turn his army around
- 12 Sep 1814: US/UK - An expedition of 11,000 under Governor George Prevost, supplied to winter at Plattsburg, N.Y., seeing its fleet dispersed and the enemy gathering, retreats, abandoning stores. In 1813, Wellington desired that Prevost should not abandon his policy of defence for petty advantages, to be gained by invasion, which he could not possibly maintain.
- Oct 1814: US - Martin Chittenden, Governor of Vermont, regards the war "as unnecessary, unwise and hopeless, in all its offensive operations."
- 22 Dec 1814: US/UK - Treaty of Commerce, between the U.S. and Great Britain, signed at Ghent.
- 24 Dec 1814: US/UK - Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812.
- 27 Dec 1814: US/UK - Then Prince Regent George IV ratifies both treaties. One relates to boundaries and the slave trade.
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| 33 | 1815 | - 1815: Europe - Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna.
- 1815: UK - The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports
- 1815: UK - Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain
- 1815: UK - England has now 2600 miles of canals, 500 in Scotland and Ireland; China clippers take 109 days to sail 15000 miles from Canton to English Channel; Britain's population estimated at 13 million; Britain imports 82 million pounds of raw cotton, by 1860 1000 million pounds; coal output 16 million tons (30 miillion by 1835, 50 million by 1848)
- 1815: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp.
- 1815: UK - Over the next fifteen years, five new states are founded along Mississippi Valley, mostly due to people fleeing Depression; more go to Canada, as many as 20,000 some years, frequently Scots
- 1815: NL - Willem I, koning der Nederlanden.
- 1815: NL - Slag bij Waterloo.
- Jan 1815: US/UK - Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, Gen. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) wins an overwhelming victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
- 18 Feb 1815: CA/US/UK - The United States ratify Treaties, signed in December, 1814.
- Mar 1815: Elba, France - Napoleon escapes, leads French in war once more
- Mar 1815: CA - Parliament votes 25,000 pounds for a canal from Montreal to Lachine.
- 25 Mar 1815: CA/UK - Governor George Prevost informs Parliament, that then-Prince Regent George IV has ordered him to England, to answer charges of the naval commander.
- 18 Jun 1815: Belgium - Duke of Wellington trounces the French at Waterloo with timely help of Blucher (Prussia)
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| 34 | 1816 | - 1816: UK - Violation of game laws can result in seven years transportation
- 1816: CA - A steam-boat is first placed on Lake Ontario.
- 1816: NL - NL - Engeland geeft de koloniën terug aan Nederland.
- 5 Jan 1816: CA/UK - Sir George Prevost dies before consideration of Commodore Yeo's charges; but the Duke of Wellington says: "He must have returned, after the fleet was beaten, I am inclined to think he was right. I have told ministers, repeatedly, that naval superiority, on the Lakes, is a sine qua non of success in war on the frontiers of Canada, even if our object should be wholly defensive."
- 19 Jun 1816: CA - After several years of harassment by agents of the North West Company, Métis and Indians under Cuthbert Grant kill Robert Semple, governor of the Red River settlement, and twenty others at the Battle of Seven Oaks.
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| 35 | 1817 | - 1817: UK - Economic slump in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances
- 1817: USA - James Monroe president of the USA 1817-1825.
- 1817: CA - Famine in Newfoundland due to poor postwar economy.
- 1817: CA - Nova Scotia population estimated at 78,345.
- 1817: NL - NL - Hongerwinter door mislukte oogst.
- 18 Feb 1817: CA - Mr. McCord reads a petition for the deepening of the St. Lawrence
- 18 Apr 1817: CA/US/UK - The Rush-Bagot Agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain to a total of eight.
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| 36 | 1818 | - 1818: UK - Mary Shelley publishes her Frankenstein
- 1818: India - Britain defeats Maratha, now effective ruler of India
- 1818: CA - Halifax and St. John's are made free ports.
- 1818: CA - Dalhousie University is established.
- 28 Aug 1818: CA - The Governor (Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond) dies of hydrophobia.
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| 37 | 1819 | |
| 38 | 1820 | - 1820: UK - A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails
- 1820: UK - Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery
- 1820: UK - Death of George III, blind and insane
- 1820: UK - London's population estimated at 1,274,000
- 1820: UK - Government finances scheme to send out 6,000 settlers to Cape in South Africa
- 1820: UK - George IV, ruler of England to 1830. House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811.
- 1820: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie emigrates to Canada. He served as the first mayor of the city of Toronto (1834) and was an important leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion
- 18 Jun 1820: CA - The Governor, Earl of Dalhousie, arrives.
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| 39 | 1821 | |
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