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 1815 - 1864 (48 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1815 | - 1815: Europe - Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna.
- 1815: UK - The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports
- 1815: UK - Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain
- 1815: UK - England has now 2600 miles of canals, 500 in Scotland and Ireland; China clippers take 109 days to sail 15000 miles from Canton to English Channel; Britain's population estimated at 13 million; Britain imports 82 million pounds of raw cotton, by 1860 1000 million pounds; coal output 16 million tons (30 miillion by 1835, 50 million by 1848)
- 1815: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp.
- 1815: UK - Over the next fifteen years, five new states are founded along Mississippi Valley, mostly due to people fleeing Depression; more go to Canada, as many as 20,000 some years, frequently Scots
- 1815: NL - Willem I, koning der Nederlanden.
- 1815: NL - Slag bij Waterloo.
- Jan 1815: US/UK - Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, Gen. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) wins an overwhelming victory at the Battle of New Orleans.
- 18 Feb 1815: CA/US/UK - The United States ratify Treaties, signed in December, 1814.
- Mar 1815: Elba, France - Napoleon escapes, leads French in war once more
- Mar 1815: CA - Parliament votes 25,000 pounds for a canal from Montreal to Lachine.
- 25 Mar 1815: CA/UK - Governor George Prevost informs Parliament, that then-Prince Regent George IV has ordered him to England, to answer charges of the naval commander.
- 18 Jun 1815: Belgium - Duke of Wellington trounces the French at Waterloo with timely help of Blucher (Prussia)
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| 2 | 1816 | - 1816: UK - Violation of game laws can result in seven years transportation
- 1816: CA - A steam-boat is first placed on Lake Ontario.
- 1816: NL - NL - Engeland geeft de koloniën terug aan Nederland.
- 5 Jan 1816: CA/UK - Sir George Prevost dies before consideration of Commodore Yeo's charges; but the Duke of Wellington says: "He must have returned, after the fleet was beaten, I am inclined to think he was right. I have told ministers, repeatedly, that naval superiority, on the Lakes, is a sine qua non of success in war on the frontiers of Canada, even if our object should be wholly defensive."
- 19 Jun 1816: CA - After several years of harassment by agents of the North West Company, Métis and Indians under Cuthbert Grant kill Robert Semple, governor of the Red River settlement, and twenty others at the Battle of Seven Oaks.
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| 3 | 1817 | - 1817: UK - Economic slump in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances
- 1817: USA - James Monroe president of the USA 1817-1825.
- 1817: CA - Famine in Newfoundland due to poor postwar economy.
- 1817: CA - Nova Scotia population estimated at 78,345.
- 1817: NL - NL - Hongerwinter door mislukte oogst.
- 18 Feb 1817: CA - Mr. McCord reads a petition for the deepening of the St. Lawrence
- 18 Apr 1817: CA/US/UK - The Rush-Bagot Agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain to a total of eight.
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| 4 | 1818 | - 1818: UK - Mary Shelley publishes her Frankenstein
- 1818: India - Britain defeats Maratha, now effective ruler of India
- 1818: CA - Halifax and St. John's are made free ports.
- 1818: CA - Dalhousie University is established.
- 28 Aug 1818: CA - The Governor (Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond) dies of hydrophobia.
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| 5 | 1819 | |
| 6 | 1820 | - 1820: UK - A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails
- 1820: UK - Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery
- 1820: UK - Death of George III, blind and insane
- 1820: UK - London's population estimated at 1,274,000
- 1820: UK - Government finances scheme to send out 6,000 settlers to Cape in South Africa
- 1820: UK - George IV, ruler of England to 1830. House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811.
- 1820: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie emigrates to Canada. He served as the first mayor of the city of Toronto (1834) and was an important leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion
- 18 Jun 1820: CA - The Governor, Earl of Dalhousie, arrives.
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| 7 | 1821 | |
| 8 | 1822 | - 1822: France - First prototype Espresso machine
- 1822: Ireland - Famine in Ireland prompts migration to US and Canada
- 1822: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau, a member of the legislative assembly since 1814, travels from Montreal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament.
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| 9 | 1823 | - 1823: UK - The Royal Academy of Music is established in London.
- 1823: UK - The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection
- 1823: UK - Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland.
- 1823: Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk is found
- 1823: CA - Ward Chipman replaces George Stracey Smyth as Governor of New Brunswick
- 1823: CA - Peter Robinson organizes land settlements of Irish Catholics to Carelton and Lanark County, Ontario.
- 10 May 1823: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against favouring Union of the colonies
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| 10 | 1824 | - 1824: UK - The National Gallery is established
- 1824: UK - Commercial boom in Britain
- 1824: UK - Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon.
- 1824: UK - Englishman Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material.
- 1824: CA - The first Welland Canal is begun, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal.
- 1824: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate.
- 1824: CA - First Lachine Canal near Montreal is completed.
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| 11 | 1825 | - 1825: UK - Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace.
- 1825: UK - Trade Unions are legalized.
- 1825: UK - Commercial depression in Britain
- 1825: UK - The world's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens
- 1825: USA - John Quincy Adams president of the USA 1825-1829.
- 1825: UK - William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet.
- 1825: Settlement of Canada, Australia and New Zealand begins in earnest over the next 25 years
- 1825: CA - The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario).
- 1825: NL - De Java oorlog. Nederland begint een offensief tegen de Javaanse Vorsten.
- 2 Jan 1825: CA - The Parliament House, at Toronto, is burned.
- 7 Sep 1825: CA - Soldiers of the 70th Regiment subdue a fire, which consumes over eighty buildings, in Montreal.
- 26 Oct 1825: CA/US - US finishes ambitious Erie Canal from Buffalo to Hudson River and New York City. It puts competitive pressure on Montreal and Toronto merchant elites to finish canals.
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| 12 | 1826 | - 1826: France - One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his Physiologie du Gout
- 1826: France - Physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, View from a Window at Gras, via a heliograph process on a metal plate.
- 1826: NL - Malaria maakt onder de 193.333 tellende Friesche bevolking méér dan 4.000 dodelijke slachtoffers.
- 8 Jun 1826: CA - A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded ₤625 in damages.
- 21 Sep 1826: CA - Construction of the Rideau Canal begins.
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| 13 | 1827 | - 1827: UK - Printing press can now print 4-5000 copies/hour, 11.5 million copies of newspapers pour over Britain
- 1827: UK - Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone.
- 1827: UK - John Walker invents modern matches.
- 1827: CA - First temperance society in Canada formed in Montreal
- 1827: CA - Elections overwhelmingly in favour of the Parti Patriote much to the annoyance of the British.
- 1827: CA - 87,000 people in Lower Canada sign a petition denouncing the political abuses of the Château Clique. A group of wealthy families, mostly British merchants, in Lower Canada in the early 19th century.
- 15 Mar 1827: CA - The University of Toronto is chartered
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| 14 | 1828 | - 1828: UK - The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister
- 1828: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority.
- 1828: CA - Settlement begins in Stratford, Ontario
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| 15 | 1829 | - 1829: UK - Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament
- 1829: UK - Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Force, constables become known as bobbies
- 1829: USA - Andrew Jackson president of the USA to 1837.
- 1829: USA - William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter.
- 1829: France - Louis Braille invents braille printing.
- 1829: NL - Verboden in de kerken te begraven.
- 4 Jan 1829: CA - Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class.
- 30 Nov 1829: CA - construction of the first Welland Canal is completed.
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| 16 | 1830 | |
| 17 | 1831 | - 1831: UK - Michael Faraday, in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo
- 1831: UK - Swing Riots' in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities.
- 1831: UK - The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames
- 1831: UK - Population of England and Wales now 14 million
- 1831: UK - American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper.
- 1831: CA - A charter for a railway, from La Prairie, Quebec to St. John's, is granted; it will be the first railway in Canada.
- 1831: CA - Male Jews were extended full political and religious rights.
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| 18 | 1832 | - 1832: UK - The first or Great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis
- 1832: UK - Cholera Act
- 1832: UK - House-breaking, sheep-stealing and forgery removed from list of capital crimes in England
- 1832: UK - Commission created to look into inhumanity of transporting prisoners to Australia, another in 1837, transportation to New South Wales finally stops in 1840
- 1832: USA - Texas Revolutionary War: Texas vs Mexico 1832-1836.
- 1832: UK - Age of Coal and Iron or The Railway Age, dooms canals and stage coaches during period to 1867. Leaders are mostly Quakers of Midlands and North: Peases, Croppers, Sturges
- 1832: CA - Attempted assassination of William Lyon Mackenzie at Hamilton.
- 1832: CA - 7 800 French-Canadians are killed by the cholera epidemic - 3,800 in Quebec and 4,000 in Montreal. Meetings of French Canadians attribute the cholera to British immigrants, 52,000 having arrived in that same year.
- 1832: CA - The City of Montreal is incorporated. Up to this point an exit port of Quebec, it becomes a port of entry.
- 1832: CA - The Rideau Canal is opened after six years of construction.
- 30 Mar 1832: CA - Bank of Nova Scotia is founded
- 21 May 1832: CA - Election riots at Montreal. Three supporters of Daniel Tracey of the Parti Patriote are shot dead by government troops. Colonel MacIntosh and Captain Temple are arrested for ordering the shooting. The next day, it is announced that Tracey is elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal West.
- Jun 1832: CA - The immigrant ship The Carrick arrives in Quebec filled with Irish immigrants. A few of these immigrants are ill with cholera, which becomes an epidemic in Lower Canada.
- 20 Jun 1832: CA - Eighty-eight deaths from Asiatic cholera are reported at Montreal.
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| 19 | 1833 | - 1833: UK - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire.
- 1833: UK - Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children
- 1833: UK - Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church
- 1833: CA - Royal William, formerly operating between Quebec and Halifax, becomes first steamship to cross Atlantic.
- 30 Aug 1833: UK - The United Kingdom abolishes slavery in the British West Indies.
- 19 Sep 1833: CA - Military riot at Montreal.
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| 20 | 1834 | - 1834: UK - Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power.
- 1834: UK - Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, resulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia
- 1834: London, UK - Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster
- 1834: UK - New Poor Law Act, object to make life in the workhouse far worse than in fields and factories
- 1834: USA - Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine).
- 1834: USA - Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent.
- 23 Jan 1834: CA - The Castle of St. Louis (Quebec) is burned.
- 6 Mar 1834: CA - Incorporation of Toronto, heretofore York, Upper Canada.
- 31 Jul 1834: CA/UK - At midnight July 31, slavery comes to an end in all British territories, including British North America. To honour this important event, August 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in Windsor, Ontario, and elsewhere.
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| 21 | 1835 | - 1835: UK - Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts
- 1835: UK - Commercial boom. 'Little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836
- 1835: UK - Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller.
- 1835: UK - Solymon Merrick patents the wrench.
- 1835: UK - Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator.
- 1835: CA - Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848.
- 1835: NL - Eerste spoorlijn Haarlem - Amsterdam.
- 1 Jun 1835: CA - Official opening of the Kingston Penitentiary.
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| 22 | 1836 | |
| 23 | 1837 | - 1837: UK - Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor.
- 1837: UK - Death of William IV
- 1837: USA - Martin van Buren president of the USA 1837-1841.
- 1837: UK - English schoolmaster Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp.
- 1837: UK - Victoria I, ruler of England to 1901. House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III
- 1837: CA - Population of Upper Canada is 397,489.
- 1837: CA - British attempts to unite the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada lead to revolt. Two separate rebellions, one in Upper and one in Lower Canada, fail to dislodge entrenched elites.
- 1837: CA - Black militia units participate in putting down the rebellion in Upper Canada.
- 1837: CA - British parliament passes Coercion Bill, seizes Lower Canada treasury.
- 1837: CA - Unlike Upper and Lower Canada, other Canadian territories move toward responsible government without rebellion. New Brunswick accepts the British offer to allow their assembly more revenue control over salaries of public servants and judges. Nova Scotia agrees to the same conditions in 1839.
- Jul 1837: UK - Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law
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| 24 | 1838 | - 1838: UK - The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism
- 1838: CA/US - Conflict over the New Brunswick-Maine border begins in the Aroostook River area.
- 1838: CA - The Customs House, at Montreal, is finished.
- 1838: CA - The population of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island is 1,282,000.
- 1838: US - The governors of New York and Vermont forbid interference with Canadian difficulties.
- 27 May 1838: CA - As governor general and high commissioner of British North America, Lord Durham arrives to investigate the circumstances behind the Rebellions of 1837.
- 3 Nov 1838: CA - Second uprising in Lower Canada. Battle of the Windmill at Prescott, Upper Canada.
- 10 Nov 1838: CA - The rebels gain a victory at Beauharnois.
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| 25 | 1839 | |
| 26 | 1840 | - 1840: UK - Victoria I marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
- 1840: UK - There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London
- 1840: New Zealand - New Zealand annexed
- 1840: UK - Englishman John Herschel invents the blueprint.
- 1840: Australia - During period to 1853 convicts are still sent to Tasmania at the rate of about 4,000 per year
- 1840: UK - Queen Victoria begins dressing the princes in kilts and sailor suits.
- 1840: NL - Willem I doet afstand van de regering. Willem II wordt koning der Nederlanden.
- 6 May 1840: CA - Postage stamps come into use.
- 23 Jul 1840: CA - Act of Union. The Queen sanctions the union of Upper and Lower Canada. The United Canada Act allows larger government to borrow more money.
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| 27 | 1841 | - 1841: UK - The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken.
- 1841: UK - The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister
- 1841: USA - William Henry Harrison president of the USA. He succumbed to pneumonia in 1841.
- 1841: USA - John Tyler president of the USA to 1845. He is the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president.
- 1841: UK - Samuel Slocum patents the stapler.
- 1841: CA - The Dawn Settlement in what is now Dresden, Ontario, is established to provide self-help for Blacks in agricultural communities.
- 1841: NL - Clemens en August Brenninkmeijer openen hun eerste winkel op de Oosterdijk in Sneek.
- 13 Jun 1841: CA - First Parliament of Canada meets at Kingston.
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| 28 | 1842 | - 1842: UK - First Christmas card
- 1842: UK - First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London
- 1842: UK - Lord Shaftesbury's Mines Act forbids underground work for women and children under 10
- 1842: China - Hong Kong annexed
- 1842: UK - Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator.
- 1842: CA - The first Railway in Nova Scotia is begun.
- 9 Aug 1842: CA/US - The Webster-Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine-New Brunswick border dispute.
- 16 Oct 1842: CA - Queen's University is founded
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| 29 | 1843 | - 1843: UK - Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine
- 1843: UK - About 2000 miles of railway lines now laid
- 1843: CA - Fort Victoria built by British to strengthen their claim to Vancouver Island.
- 1843: CA - The Cornwall and Chambly Canals are opened.
- 1843: CA/US - Survey of Boundary between the U.S. and Canada is begun.
- 9 Dec 1843: CA - Bishop's University is founded
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| 30 | 1844 | |
| 31 | 1845 | |
| 32 | 1846 | - 1846: UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade
- 1846: UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854
- 1846: USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848.
- 1846: USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.
- 1846: CA/UK - The Irish potato famine begins, marking a change in the composition of Irish immigrating to Canada from mostly rich, well-connected, respectable Protestants to vastly poor, ill-equipped, poorly-treated Catholics.
- 1846: CA - Mines north of Lake Superior are explored.
- 1846: CA - The new canal, from Lachine, overcomes a fall of 42 ft., in 8 1/2 miles, by two locks of 13 ft. and two of 8 ft. Equal fall of the whole river would wield 4,500,000 horse power.
- 1846: NL - Voedselschaarste in Drenthe
- 1846: NL - Emigratie naar Michigan (USA) uit Drenthe komt op gang. Eerste 56 Drenthen vertrekken.
- 16 May 1846: CA/UK - Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.
- 9 Jun 1846: CA - Burning of St. John's, Newfoundland.
- 12 Jun 1846: CA- Theatre burned at Quebec.
- 15 Jun 1846: CA/US/UK - Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.
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| 33 | 1847 | - 1847: UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform
- 1847: USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans
- 1847: UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics.
- 1847: CA - St. Lawrence canal system completed. Faster and cheaper than US system, but growing US railroads are now the real threat.
- 1847: CA - Typhus outbreak as over 3,000 immigrants arrive in Bytown (Ottawa) in the height of summer. The Rideau Canal is shutdown to prevent further spread of the outbreak. 167 die in quarantine.
- 1847: CA/US - Outbreak of measles among the Cayuse of the Pacific Northwest.
- 1847: NL - Een duur jaar, een 6 ponds roggebrood kost 67,5 cent.
- 30 Jan 1847: CA - Lord Elgin, Governor, arrives at Montreal.
- 1 Sep 1847: CA - Lord Elgin visits the immigrant 'fever' sheds at Pointe St. Charles, Montreal.
- 18 Oct 1847: CA - Telegraph Line from Quebec to London, Canada West, complete.
- 23 Oct 1847: CA - 65 immigrants die in a week at Pointe St. Charles neighbourhood of Montreal.
- 1 Nov 1847: CA - 9,634 deaths of immigrants since 1st Jan
- 19 Nov 1847: CA - The railway from Montreal to Lachine is opened.
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| 34 | 1848 | - 1848: UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London.
- 1848: UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act
- 1848: UK - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
- 1848: UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years
- 1848: UK - Queen's College for Women founded
- 1848: CA - First telegraph lines in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
- 1848: NL - Grondwetsherziening door Thorbecke.
- 1848: NL - Aanleg van de weg Assen-Bareveld voltooid.
- 2 Jan 1848: CA - Maple sugar is made in St. Anselme.
- 20 Sep 1848: CA - Opening of the Jesuits' College, Montreal.
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| 35 | 1849 | - 1849: USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office.
- 1849: UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.
- 1849: CA - The Beauharnois Canal, just southwest of Montreal is opened.
- 1849: CA/US - The boundary at the 49th parallel is extended to the Pacific Ocean (bisecting Point Roberts, Washington).
- 1849: CA - The Courthouse Rebellion is launched by the Red River Métis.
- 1849: NL - Koning Willem II overlijdt aan een hartinfarct. Op 12 mei wordt koning Willem III ingehuldigd.
- 1849: NL - De Denen blokkeren de Pruisische havens. Op de rede van Delfzijl liggen in een maand 173 vreemde schepen.
- 1 Jan 1849: CA - King's College becomes the University of Toronto
- 7 Apr 1849: CA - A large fire engulfs Toronto's downtown section. Started at 1 a.m. of an unknown cause, it started behind a tavern in the market section catching some hay then spread rapidly before destroying numerous buildings, including St. James cathedral. Flames could be seen from across Lake Ontario at St. Catharines, 40 km distant.
- May 1849: CA - The Hayes House in Dalhousie Square, leased for Parliamentary purposes. The parliament is to sit alternately in Quebec City and Toronto.
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| 36 | 1850 | - 1850: USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent
- 1850: UK - First machine-made paper bag
- 1850: UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers
- 1850: USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death.
- 1850: US - In the United States, the Fugitive Slave Act is passed. It provides that even free persons can be made a slave if suspected of being a runaway. As a result, more fugitive slaves and free Black persons come to Canada.
- 1850: CA - The site of John By's headquarters during the construction of the Rideau Canal is incorporated as Bytown (now Ottawa).
- 1850: CA - Gold discovered in British Columbia, and coal on Vancouver Island.
- 1850: CA - The Canadian government passes the Railway Guarantee Act.
- 1850: NL - Ridderschap in Drenthe afgeschaft.
- 1850: NL - Drenthe telt 82 kilometer verharde weg: het grootste deel langs de Drentsche Hoofdvaart.
- 11 Oct 1850: CA - The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad opens
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| 37 | 1851 | - 1851: UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success
- 1851: UK - Window tax abolished
- 1851: USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer
- 1851: UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen
- 1851: Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais
- 1851: London, UK - Reuters opens news agency
- 1851: Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin
- 1851: Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861
- 1851: CA - The United Kingdom transfers control of the colonial postal system to Canada.
- 1851: NL - Het katholieke kerkhof te Oude Pekela aangelegd.
- 25 Apr 1851: CA - Prince Edward Island wins responsible government
- 30 Aug 1851: CA - The Vancouver Island legislature meets for the first time
- Sep 1851: Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851
- 11 Oct 1851: CA - The St. L. & A. Railway is opened to Richmond.
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| 38 | 1852 | - 1852: UK - Death of the Duke of Wellington
- 1852: UK - Derby's first minority Conservative government
- 1852: UK - Aberdeen's coalition government is established
- 1852: NL - De postzegels worden ingevoerd.
- 15 Jan 1852: CA - Trinity College opens
- 8 Jul 1852: CA - Beginning of a fire which burns 11,000 houses in Montreal.
- Oct 1852: CA - he Bank of Montreal issues notes like the Bank of England's; denomination water-marked.
- 25 Oct 1852: CA - The Toronto Stock Exchange opens
- 8 Dec 1852: CA - Laval's Seminaire du Quebec founds Université Laval, North America's oldest French Language university.
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| 39 | 1853 | - 1853: UK - Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum.
- 1853: Crimea - Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals
- 1853: UK - Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory
- 1853: UK - Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold
- 1853: UK - William Gladstone presents his first budget
- 1853: UK - Franklin Pierce president of the USA 1853-1857.
- 1853: The Grand Trunk Railway is Chartered. It was a railway system which operated in Quebec and Ontario, as well as Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec. The Grand Trunk and its subsidiaries, along with the Canadian Government Railways, was a primary precursor of today's Canadian National Railways.
The GTR had three important subsidiaries during its lifetime:
Central Vermont Railway which operated in Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway which operated in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.
Grand Trunk Western Railroad which operated in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois.
- 1853: CA - Mary Ann Shadd becomes the first woman in North America to become editor of a newspaper. Working out of Chatham, Ontario, she publishes, edits and writes in the Provincial Freeman, a newspaper serving the Black community in Ontario.
- 23 Feb 1853: CA - A description of the proposed bridge across the St. Lawrence is published
- 6 Jun 1853: CA - Gavazzi Riot in Quebec are quelled by military.
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| 40 | 1854 | - 1854: UK - The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published
- 1854: UK - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics.
- 1854: UK - Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
- 1854: CA - Establishment of the African Baptist Association of Nova Scotia
- 1854: NL - Lijfstraffen geschrapt uit het strafrecht. De doodstraf wordt beperkt tot ophanging boven een luik.
- 1854: NL - Het KNMI wordt bij koninklijk besluit van Koning Willem III opgericht.
- 27 Jan 1854: CA - The Great Western Railway opens, linking Toronto, Hamilton and Windsor.
- 27 Oct 1854: CA - A Great Western Railway passenger train collides with the tail end of gravel train at Baptiste Creek, Canada West. At least 52 people are killed.
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| 41 | 1855 | - 1855: UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump.
- 1855: UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power
- 1 Jan 1855: CA - own is renamed Ottawa.
- 8 Mar 1855: CA/US - A bridge over the Niagara River near Niagara Falls is completed
- 17 Apr 1855: CA - Charlottetown incorporated as a city
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| 42 | 1856 | |
| 43 | 1857 | - 1857: Atlantic - Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful.
- 1857: China - The Second Opium War opens China to European trade.
- 1857: India - The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
- 1857: USA - James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861.
- 1857: USA - George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel.
- 1857: CA - Grand Trunk Railway (Windsor-Montreal) completed, but $7 million in debt.
- 1857: CA/UK - Queen Victoria names Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.
- 1857: CA - The Palliser Expedition begins its exploration of Western Canada.
- 1857: CA - Coal mining begins at Coal Harbor on the Kenai Peninsula.
- 12 Mar 1857: CA - The bridge over Desjardins Canal, near Hamilton, Canada West, collapses under a Great Western Railway passenger train. About 60 people die.
- 31 Dec 1857: CA - Ottawa is chosen as the new capital of the Canadas
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| 44 | 1858 | - 1858: UK - Derby establishes his second minority government
- 1858: UK - Parliament passes the India Act
- 1858: UK - Eraser fitted to end of pencil
- 1858: UK - Jean Lenoir invents an internal combustion engine.
- 1858: UK - Hamilton Smith patents the rotary washing machine.
- 1858: CA - The Canadian government imposes revenue tariffs on US manufactured goods to pay for railroad debts.
- 1858: CA - The Halifax-Truro line begins rail service.
- 1858: CA - The Fraser Canyon Gold Rush starts, leading to the creation of the Colony of British Columbia on the Mainland and igniting the Fraser Canyon War.
- 1858: CA - The Toronto Islands are created after a fierce storm detaches the island from the mainland at the Eastern gap.
- 1858: CA - The British Columbia Provincial Police are established.
- 1858: NL - De aardappel wordt algemeen geaccepteerd als voedingsmiddel.
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| 45 | 1859 | - 1859: UK - Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection or the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life asserts that all life had a common ancestor and that the origin of species was natural selection
- 1859: UK - Palmerston brings his second Liberal government to power.
- 1859: UK - Samuel Smiles' Self-Help published
- 1859: CA - Abraham Shadd is elected to the town council in Raleigh, Ontario and becomes the first Black elected to public office.
- 1859: CA - William Hall, born in Hants County, Nova Scotia, becomes the first Nova Scotian and the first Black to win the Victoria Cross for Bravery in the war. The Victoria Cross is the highest military honour in the Commonwealth of Nations.
- 1859: US - De Stoeckl returns to U.S. from St. Petersburg with authority to negotiate the sale of Alaska.
- 1859: CA - McGowan's War, a juridicial and political crisis in the Fraser River goldfieldsinvolving a spillover of San Francisco politics into British territory, has the potential to escalate into an annexationist uprising but is settled peaceably. Marines and Royal Engineers are dispatched to Yale, led by Colonel Clement Francis Moody and escorting Justice Matthew Baillie Begbie to resolve the matter, which ends amicably, and reassert British sovereignty over the fledgling Mainland Colony.
- 1859: CA - Lyman Cutler, an American settler, homesteads on San Juan Island in defiance of British claims and triggers off the Pig War.
- 1859: NL - De eerste (verharde) grindweg wordt aangelegd van Klinkmolenbrug, via Noordbarge tot Emmen en via Odoorn naar Gieten. M.Middelveldt wordt nu genoemd als loper voor de posterijen van Borger naar Emmen en terug.
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| 46 | 1860 | - 1860: UK - Joseph Wilson Swan invented the light bulb, an incandescent lamp using a carbon filament.
- 1860: UK - Gladstone's budget and the Anglo-French Cobden Treaty codifies and extends the principles of free trade
- 1860: NL - Officiële afschaffing van de slavernij in Nederlandsch-Indië.
- 1860: NL - Hiddingh koopt het hele Compascuum inclusief de kosten voor fl 89.252,--
- 27 Jun 1860: CA - The first Queen's Plate race is held in Toronto
- 25 Aug 1860: CA - Montreal's Victoria Bridge opens
- 1 Sep 1860: CA - The construction of the Canadian House of Commons began. The cornerstone of the Parliament buildings is laid this day.
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| 47 | 1861 | - 1861: UK - Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis published his deduction that childbirth fever was transmitted on the hands of doctors during their examinations
- 1861: UK - Death of Prince Albert, Prince Consort
- 1861: Australia - Women first given vote
- 1861: USA - Abraham Lincoln president of the USA 1861-1865.
- 1861: USA - Elisha Otis patents elevator safety brakes, creating a safer elevator.
- 1861: USA - Linus Yale invents the Yale lock or cylinder lock.
- 1861: USA - American Civil War (to 1865)
- 1861: CA -Viscount Monck becomes Governor-General.
- 1861: CA - Joseph Howe became Premier of Nova Scotia
- 1861: CA - Dr. Anderson Ruffin Abbott becomes the first Canadian Born Black to graduate from medical school.
- 1861: CA - The Cariboo Gold Rush starts in British Columbia.
- 14 Apr 1861: CA - A major flood hits Montreal
- 15 Apr 1861: CA - Nova Scotia: resolution for provincial union by Joseph Howe for referral to the other British North American provinces in July.
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| 48 | 1862 | - 1862: France - Louis Pasteur published the germ theory: infection is caused by self-replicating microorganisms, and that attenuated viral cultures granted immunity. These beneficent antigens he named vaccines in honor of Edward Jenner and his vaccinia virus
- 1862: UK - Parliament passes the Limited Liability Act in order to provide vital stimulus to accumulation of capital in shares
- 1862: UK - Alexander Parkes invents the first man-made plastic, Parkesine.
- 1862: UK - Dr. Richard Gatling patents the machine gun.
- 1862: CA - The first female student is accepted into Mount Allison University in Sackville, New Brunswick
- 1862: CA/US - Smallpox sweeps through Fort Victoria area and down the length of the northwest coast, killing an estimated 200,000 Indian people - William Duncan, an Anglican missionary on the northwest coast, establishes the village of Metlakatla with 50 Tsimshian followers, who adopt the Christian faith and a European lifestyle. By 1880, more than 1,000 converts live there.
- 7 Apr 1862: US/UK - United Kingdom-United States treaty for suppression of African slave trade is signed
- 20 May 1862: CA - Macdonald-Cartier government falls. Free interprovincial trade granted by the Crown
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| 49 | 1863 | |
| 50 | 1864 | - 1864: UK - Chimney-sweeper's Act, due in part to Charles Kinglsey's Water Babies
- 1864: UK - Great Battle of Berkhamstead Common saves common land, Epping Forest also saved
- 1864: UK - Reform Bill, working men given franchise
- 1864: Canada - First independent dominion in the British Empire under the Dominion of Canada Act
- 1864: UK - Judge declares trades unions illegal
- 29 Jun 1864: CA - An train of newly arrived immigrants fails to stop at the open swing span near Beloeil, Canada East. The Grand Trunk Railway train runs into the Richelieu River, killing 99.
- 18 Jul 1864: US - North-South negotiations begin at Niagara Falls, New York
- 1 Sep 1864: CA - Charlottetown Conference, noted as the first step towards Canadian Confederation
- 19 Oct 1864: CA/US - The St. Albans Raid was the northernmost land action of the American Civil War, taking place in St. Albans, Vermont on October 19, 1864.
In this unusual incident, Bennett H. Young led Confederate States Army forces. Young had become a prisoner of war after the Battle of Salineville in Ohio ended Morgan's Raid the year before; he later escaped to Canada (then the Province of Canada, part of the British Empire) and returned to the South, where he proposed raids on the Union from the Canadian border to build the Confederate treasury and force the Union Army to protect the northern border and diverting troops from the South. Young was commissioned as a lieutenant and returned to Canada, where he recruited other escaped rebels to participate in a raid St. Albans, Vermont, a quiet town 15 miles (25 km) from the Canadian border.
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