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 1818 - 1848 (29 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1818 | - 1818: UK - Mary Shelley publishes her Frankenstein
- 1818: India - Britain defeats Maratha, now effective ruler of India
- 1818: CA - Halifax and St. John's are made free ports.
- 1818: CA - Dalhousie University is established.
- 28 Aug 1818: CA - The Governor (Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond) dies of hydrophobia.
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| 2 | 1819 | |
| 3 | 1820 | - 1820: UK - A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails
- 1820: UK - Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery
- 1820: UK - Death of George III, blind and insane
- 1820: UK - London's population estimated at 1,274,000
- 1820: UK - Government finances scheme to send out 6,000 settlers to Cape in South Africa
- 1820: UK - George IV, ruler of England to 1830. House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811.
- 1820: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie emigrates to Canada. He served as the first mayor of the city of Toronto (1834) and was an important leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion
- 18 Jun 1820: CA - The Governor, Earl of Dalhousie, arrives.
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| 4 | 1821 | |
| 5 | 1822 | - 1822: France - First prototype Espresso machine
- 1822: Ireland - Famine in Ireland prompts migration to US and Canada
- 1822: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau, a member of the legislative assembly since 1814, travels from Montreal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament.
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| 6 | 1823 | - 1823: UK - The Royal Academy of Music is established in London.
- 1823: UK - The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection
- 1823: UK - Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland.
- 1823: Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk is found
- 1823: CA - Ward Chipman replaces George Stracey Smyth as Governor of New Brunswick
- 1823: CA - Peter Robinson organizes land settlements of Irish Catholics to Carelton and Lanark County, Ontario.
- 10 May 1823: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against favouring Union of the colonies
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| 7 | 1824 | - 1824: UK - The National Gallery is established
- 1824: UK - Commercial boom in Britain
- 1824: UK - Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon.
- 1824: UK - Englishman Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material.
- 1824: CA - The first Welland Canal is begun, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal.
- 1824: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate.
- 1824: CA - First Lachine Canal near Montreal is completed.
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| 8 | 1825 | - 1825: UK - Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace.
- 1825: UK - Trade Unions are legalized.
- 1825: UK - Commercial depression in Britain
- 1825: UK - The world's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens
- 1825: USA - John Quincy Adams president of the USA 1825-1829.
- 1825: UK - William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet.
- 1825: Settlement of Canada, Australia and New Zealand begins in earnest over the next 25 years
- 1825: CA - The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario).
- 1825: NL - De Java oorlog. Nederland begint een offensief tegen de Javaanse Vorsten.
- 2 Jan 1825: CA - The Parliament House, at Toronto, is burned.
- 7 Sep 1825: CA - Soldiers of the 70th Regiment subdue a fire, which consumes over eighty buildings, in Montreal.
- 26 Oct 1825: CA/US - US finishes ambitious Erie Canal from Buffalo to Hudson River and New York City. It puts competitive pressure on Montreal and Toronto merchant elites to finish canals.
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| 9 | 1826 | - 1826: France - One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his Physiologie du Gout
- 1826: France - Physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, View from a Window at Gras, via a heliograph process on a metal plate.
- 1826: NL - Malaria maakt onder de 193.333 tellende Friesche bevolking méér dan 4.000 dodelijke slachtoffers.
- 8 Jun 1826: CA - A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded ₤625 in damages.
- 21 Sep 1826: CA - Construction of the Rideau Canal begins.
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| 10 | 1827 | - 1827: UK - Printing press can now print 4-5000 copies/hour, 11.5 million copies of newspapers pour over Britain
- 1827: UK - Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone.
- 1827: UK - John Walker invents modern matches.
- 1827: CA - First temperance society in Canada formed in Montreal
- 1827: CA - Elections overwhelmingly in favour of the Parti Patriote much to the annoyance of the British.
- 1827: CA - 87,000 people in Lower Canada sign a petition denouncing the political abuses of the Château Clique. A group of wealthy families, mostly British merchants, in Lower Canada in the early 19th century.
- 15 Mar 1827: CA - The University of Toronto is chartered
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| 11 | 1828 | - 1828: UK - The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister
- 1828: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority.
- 1828: CA - Settlement begins in Stratford, Ontario
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| 12 | 1829 | - 1829: UK - Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament
- 1829: UK - Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Force, constables become known as bobbies
- 1829: USA - Andrew Jackson president of the USA to 1837.
- 1829: USA - William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter.
- 1829: France - Louis Braille invents braille printing.
- 1829: NL - Verboden in de kerken te begraven.
- 4 Jan 1829: CA - Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class.
- 30 Nov 1829: CA - construction of the first Welland Canal is completed.
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| 13 | 1830 | |
| 14 | 1831 | - 1831: UK - Michael Faraday, in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo
- 1831: UK - Swing Riots' in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities.
- 1831: UK - The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames
- 1831: UK - Population of England and Wales now 14 million
- 1831: UK - American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper.
- 1831: CA - A charter for a railway, from La Prairie, Quebec to St. John's, is granted; it will be the first railway in Canada.
- 1831: CA - Male Jews were extended full political and religious rights.
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| 15 | 1832 | - 1832: UK - The first or Great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis
- 1832: UK - Cholera Act
- 1832: UK - House-breaking, sheep-stealing and forgery removed from list of capital crimes in England
- 1832: UK - Commission created to look into inhumanity of transporting prisoners to Australia, another in 1837, transportation to New South Wales finally stops in 1840
- 1832: USA - Texas Revolutionary War: Texas vs Mexico 1832-1836.
- 1832: UK - Age of Coal and Iron or The Railway Age, dooms canals and stage coaches during period to 1867. Leaders are mostly Quakers of Midlands and North: Peases, Croppers, Sturges
- 1832: CA - Attempted assassination of William Lyon Mackenzie at Hamilton.
- 1832: CA - 7 800 French-Canadians are killed by the cholera epidemic - 3,800 in Quebec and 4,000 in Montreal. Meetings of French Canadians attribute the cholera to British immigrants, 52,000 having arrived in that same year.
- 1832: CA - The City of Montreal is incorporated. Up to this point an exit port of Quebec, it becomes a port of entry.
- 1832: CA - The Rideau Canal is opened after six years of construction.
- 30 Mar 1832: CA - Bank of Nova Scotia is founded
- 21 May 1832: CA - Election riots at Montreal. Three supporters of Daniel Tracey of the Parti Patriote are shot dead by government troops. Colonel MacIntosh and Captain Temple are arrested for ordering the shooting. The next day, it is announced that Tracey is elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal West.
- Jun 1832: CA - The immigrant ship The Carrick arrives in Quebec filled with Irish immigrants. A few of these immigrants are ill with cholera, which becomes an epidemic in Lower Canada.
- 20 Jun 1832: CA - Eighty-eight deaths from Asiatic cholera are reported at Montreal.
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| 16 | 1833 | - 1833: UK - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire.
- 1833: UK - Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children
- 1833: UK - Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church
- 1833: CA - Royal William, formerly operating between Quebec and Halifax, becomes first steamship to cross Atlantic.
- 30 Aug 1833: UK - The United Kingdom abolishes slavery in the British West Indies.
- 19 Sep 1833: CA - Military riot at Montreal.
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| 17 | 1834 | - 1834: UK - Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power.
- 1834: UK - Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, resulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia
- 1834: London, UK - Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster
- 1834: UK - New Poor Law Act, object to make life in the workhouse far worse than in fields and factories
- 1834: USA - Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine).
- 1834: USA - Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent.
- 23 Jan 1834: CA - The Castle of St. Louis (Quebec) is burned.
- 6 Mar 1834: CA - Incorporation of Toronto, heretofore York, Upper Canada.
- 31 Jul 1834: CA/UK - At midnight July 31, slavery comes to an end in all British territories, including British North America. To honour this important event, August 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in Windsor, Ontario, and elsewhere.
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| 18 | 1835 | - 1835: UK - Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts
- 1835: UK - Commercial boom. 'Little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836
- 1835: UK - Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller.
- 1835: UK - Solymon Merrick patents the wrench.
- 1835: UK - Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator.
- 1835: CA - Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848.
- 1835: NL - Eerste spoorlijn Haarlem - Amsterdam.
- 1 Jun 1835: CA - Official opening of the Kingston Penitentiary.
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| 19 | 1836 | |
| 20 | 1837 | - 1837: UK - Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor.
- 1837: UK - Death of William IV
- 1837: USA - Martin van Buren president of the USA 1837-1841.
- 1837: UK - English schoolmaster Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp.
- 1837: UK - Victoria I, ruler of England to 1901. House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III
- 1837: CA - Population of Upper Canada is 397,489.
- 1837: CA - British attempts to unite the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada lead to revolt. Two separate rebellions, one in Upper and one in Lower Canada, fail to dislodge entrenched elites.
- 1837: CA - Black militia units participate in putting down the rebellion in Upper Canada.
- 1837: CA - British parliament passes Coercion Bill, seizes Lower Canada treasury.
- 1837: CA - Unlike Upper and Lower Canada, other Canadian territories move toward responsible government without rebellion. New Brunswick accepts the British offer to allow their assembly more revenue control over salaries of public servants and judges. Nova Scotia agrees to the same conditions in 1839.
- Jul 1837: UK - Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law
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| 21 | 1838 | - 1838: UK - The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism
- 1838: CA/US - Conflict over the New Brunswick-Maine border begins in the Aroostook River area.
- 1838: CA - The Customs House, at Montreal, is finished.
- 1838: CA - The population of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island is 1,282,000.
- 1838: US - The governors of New York and Vermont forbid interference with Canadian difficulties.
- 27 May 1838: CA - As governor general and high commissioner of British North America, Lord Durham arrives to investigate the circumstances behind the Rebellions of 1837.
- 3 Nov 1838: CA - Second uprising in Lower Canada. Battle of the Windmill at Prescott, Upper Canada.
- 10 Nov 1838: CA - The rebels gain a victory at Beauharnois.
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| 22 | 1839 | |
| 23 | 1840 | - 1840: UK - Victoria I marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
- 1840: UK - There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London
- 1840: New Zealand - New Zealand annexed
- 1840: UK - Englishman John Herschel invents the blueprint.
- 1840: Australia - During period to 1853 convicts are still sent to Tasmania at the rate of about 4,000 per year
- 1840: UK - Queen Victoria begins dressing the princes in kilts and sailor suits.
- 1840: NL - Willem I doet afstand van de regering. Willem II wordt koning der Nederlanden.
- 6 May 1840: CA - Postage stamps come into use.
- 23 Jul 1840: CA - Act of Union. The Queen sanctions the union of Upper and Lower Canada. The United Canada Act allows larger government to borrow more money.
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| 24 | 1841 | - 1841: UK - The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken.
- 1841: UK - The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister
- 1841: USA - William Henry Harrison president of the USA. He succumbed to pneumonia in 1841.
- 1841: USA - John Tyler president of the USA to 1845. He is the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president.
- 1841: UK - Samuel Slocum patents the stapler.
- 1841: CA - The Dawn Settlement in what is now Dresden, Ontario, is established to provide self-help for Blacks in agricultural communities.
- 1841: NL - Clemens en August Brenninkmeijer openen hun eerste winkel op de Oosterdijk in Sneek.
- 13 Jun 1841: CA - First Parliament of Canada meets at Kingston.
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| 25 | 1842 | - 1842: UK - First Christmas card
- 1842: UK - First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London
- 1842: UK - Lord Shaftesbury's Mines Act forbids underground work for women and children under 10
- 1842: China - Hong Kong annexed
- 1842: UK - Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator.
- 1842: CA - The first Railway in Nova Scotia is begun.
- 9 Aug 1842: CA/US - The Webster-Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine-New Brunswick border dispute.
- 16 Oct 1842: CA - Queen's University is founded
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| 26 | 1843 | - 1843: UK - Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine
- 1843: UK - About 2000 miles of railway lines now laid
- 1843: CA - Fort Victoria built by British to strengthen their claim to Vancouver Island.
- 1843: CA - The Cornwall and Chambly Canals are opened.
- 1843: CA/US - Survey of Boundary between the U.S. and Canada is begun.
- 9 Dec 1843: CA - Bishop's University is founded
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| 27 | 1844 | |
| 28 | 1845 | |
| 29 | 1846 | - 1846: UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade
- 1846: UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854
- 1846: USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848.
- 1846: USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.
- 1846: CA/UK - The Irish potato famine begins, marking a change in the composition of Irish immigrating to Canada from mostly rich, well-connected, respectable Protestants to vastly poor, ill-equipped, poorly-treated Catholics.
- 1846: CA - Mines north of Lake Superior are explored.
- 1846: CA - The new canal, from Lachine, overcomes a fall of 42 ft., in 8 1/2 miles, by two locks of 13 ft. and two of 8 ft. Equal fall of the whole river would wield 4,500,000 horse power.
- 1846: NL - Voedselschaarste in Drenthe
- 1846: NL - Emigratie naar Michigan (USA) uit Drenthe komt op gang. Eerste 56 Drenthen vertrekken.
- 16 May 1846: CA/UK - Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.
- 9 Jun 1846: CA - Burning of St. John's, Newfoundland.
- 12 Jun 1846: CA- Theatre burned at Quebec.
- 15 Jun 1846: CA/US/UK - Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.
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| 30 | 1847 | - 1847: UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform
- 1847: USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans
- 1847: UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics.
- 1847: CA - St. Lawrence canal system completed. Faster and cheaper than US system, but growing US railroads are now the real threat.
- 1847: CA - Typhus outbreak as over 3,000 immigrants arrive in Bytown (Ottawa) in the height of summer. The Rideau Canal is shutdown to prevent further spread of the outbreak. 167 die in quarantine.
- 1847: CA/US - Outbreak of measles among the Cayuse of the Pacific Northwest.
- 1847: NL - Een duur jaar, een 6 ponds roggebrood kost 67,5 cent.
- 30 Jan 1847: CA - Lord Elgin, Governor, arrives at Montreal.
- 1 Sep 1847: CA - Lord Elgin visits the immigrant 'fever' sheds at Pointe St. Charles, Montreal.
- 18 Oct 1847: CA - Telegraph Line from Quebec to London, Canada West, complete.
- 23 Oct 1847: CA - 65 immigrants die in a week at Pointe St. Charles neighbourhood of Montreal.
- 1 Nov 1847: CA - 9,634 deaths of immigrants since 1st Jan
- 19 Nov 1847: CA - The railway from Montreal to Lachine is opened.
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| 31 | 1848 | - 1848: UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London.
- 1848: UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act
- 1848: UK - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
- 1848: UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years
- 1848: UK - Queen's College for Women founded
- 1848: CA - First telegraph lines in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
- 1848: NL - Grondwetsherziening door Thorbecke.
- 1848: NL - Aanleg van de weg Assen-Bareveld voltooid.
- 2 Jan 1848: CA - Maple sugar is made in St. Anselme.
- 20 Sep 1848: CA - Opening of the Jesuits' College, Montreal.
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