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 1770 - 1810 (39 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1770 | |
| 2 | 1771 | - 1771: Great Britain - The Encyclopedia Britannica is first published
- 1771: Great Britain - Richard Arkwright builds the first spinning mill
- 1771: Captain James Cook completes his first voyage around the world.
- 1771: CA/UK - Lieutenant Governor Michael Francklin of Nova Scotia travels to northern England to seek immigrants to replace those displaced by the Acadian expulsion.
- 17 Jul 1771: CA - Massacre at Bloody Falls: Chipewyan chief Matonabbee traveling as the guide to Samuel Hearne on his arctic overland journey, massacre a group of unsuspecting Inuit.
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| 3 | 1772 | - 1772: Great Britain - Lord Mansfield makes slavery illegal
- 1772: Great Britain - James Burgh publishes Political Disquisitions, advocates universal male suffrage
- 1772: CA - Samuel Hearne explores Coppermine River to Arctic Ocean.
- 1772: CA/US - James Cook and George Vancouver explore the northwest coast of America.
- 1772: CA - The Yorkshire emigration begins with the arrival of 62 passengers aboard The Duke of York.
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| 4 | 1773 | - 1773: British North America - Colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called Boston Tea Party
- 1773: Coalbrookedale, England - The world's first Cast Iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn
- 1773: Great Britain - Benjamin Delessert was born. French industrialist who developed the first successful process to extract sugar from sugar beets.
- 1773: CA - Lord Dartmouth promises Canadians just and considerate treatment respecting their religion.
- Dec 1773: CA - Prominent French Canadians petition the King to restore their ancient laws and accord them the rights of British subjects, reminding him that five-sixths of the seigniories belong to Frenchmen. They represent that the Labrador Coast and fisheries, now alienated to Newfoundland, should revert to Canada. They prefer a Legislative Council, nominated by the King, because less expensive than an Elective Assembly.
- 16 Dec 1773: US - The Boston Tea Party protests the Tea Act
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| 5 | 1774 | - 1774: Great Britain - Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practice of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists.
- 1774: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party
- 1774: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen
- 1774: Great Britain - Georges-Louis Le Sage patents the electric telegraph.
- 1774: US - Lord Dunmore's War fought in Virginia between settlers and Shawnees.
- 1774: CA - The Quebec Act ensures the loyalty of the seigneurs and the clergy to the new regime by guaranteeing the traditional language, civil law, and faith of the subjects.
- 1774: CA - Juan Perez ordered by Spain to explore west coast; discovers Prince of Wales Island, Dixon Sound.
- 4 Sep 1774: US - Delegates from twelve colonies discuss measures for common safety, at Philadelphia. Canada and Georgia are not represented, though invited. Vermont, not being organized, is not invited.
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| 6 | 1775 | - 1775: British North America - American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington.
- 1775: Great Britain - Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet.
- 1775: Great Britain - Jacques Perrier invents a steamship.
- 1775: US - Daniel Boone leads party of settlers into Kentucky.
- 1775: CA - American troops capture Montreal, but, failing to take Quebec City or elicit local support, soon withdraw.
- 19 Apr 1775: US - The Revolutionary War begins, at Lexington.
- 1 May 1775: CA - A bust of George III is found, in Montreal, adorned with beads, cross, and mitre, with the words "Pope of Canada: Sot of England." A reward of 500 guineas does not lead to apprehension of the culprit.
- 10 May 1775: US - Ethan Allen takes Fort Ticonderoga.
- 9 Jun 1775: CA - Martial law is proclaimed in Canada.
- 21 Aug 1775: CA - Generals Schuyler and Richard Montgomery, with 1,000 Americans come to Canada, and invite the inhabitants to rebel.
- 17 Sep 1775: CA - Montgomery besieges St. Johns.
- 25 Sep 1775: CA - Attempting to take Montreal, Ethan Allan and many of his 150 followers are captured, at Longue Pointe, and are sent to England.
- 18 Oct 1775: CA - The Americans capture Chambly.
- 3 Nov 1775: CA - Hindered by Colonel Warner, of Vermont, Governor Guy Carleton cannot relieve St. Johns, which surrenders to Montgomery.
- 3 Nov 1775: CA - Invaders, under Benedict Arnold, reach the Chaudiere, almost perishing, after 52 days in the woods, from the Kennebec.
- 12 Nov 1775: CA - General Montgomery tells Montrealers that, being defenceless, they cannot stipulate terms; but promises to respect personal rights. He demands the keys of public stores, and appoints 9 a.m. tomorrow for the army's entrance, by the Recollet gate. On Nov. 13 they appropraite royal stores.
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| 7 | 1776 | - 1776: England - Common Sense published by Tom Paine
- 1776: Great Britain - Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design.
- 1776: Great Britain - Wilkes introduces bill for universal male suffrage
- 1776: Great Britain - David Bushnell invents a submarine.
- 1776: Great Britain - Edward Gibbon authors Decline and Fall of Roman Empire in period to 1788
- 1776: CA/US - US Revolutionary war. United Empire Loyalists move to Upper Canada and settle (lumbering, farming starts).
- 1776: US - The eleventh Article of "Confederation and Perpetual Union" provides that: "Canada, according to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advantages of this Union; but no other Colony shall be admitted to the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States."
- 1776: CA - The Jesuits' College, at Quebec, converted into barracks.
- 1776: US - Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1737-1809) appears.
- 1776: NL - De armoede onder de bevolking is groot. In Nederland worden vele armenhuizen gesticht.
- 29 Apr 1776: CA/US - Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Rev. Charles Carroll, a Jesuit, urge Canadians to send delegates to Congress, promising toleration. Franklin brings a printer and press, for a newspaper, to mould public opinion. Canadians regard Franklin as an enemy, and the priests remind Father Carroll that, unlike some of the Provinces, Britain tolerates the Roman Catholic Church.
- 6 May 1776: CA - As a British fleet is in sight, the Continental Army, before Quebec, weakened by disease, retires from a superior enemy, who await reinforcements behind strong walls.
- 6 May 1776: CA - Under Guy Carleton, Quebec withstands an American siege until the appearance of a British fleet. Carleton is later knighted.
- 8 Jun 1776: US - Attempting to surprise Three Rivers, General Thompson, with 200 of 1,800 Americans, is taken prisoner.
- 16 Jun 1776: CA/US - Arnold's force has retreated from Montreal.
- 18 Jun 1776: CA - General Burgoyne finds that the Continental Army has evacuated St. Johns.
- 4 Jul 1776: USA - The American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain.
- 4 Jul 1776: US - The American colonies declare their independence. The United States Declaration of Independence is signed.
- 11 Oct 1776: US - The British are victorious on Lake Champlain.
- 13 Oct 1776: US - On Lake Champlain, Arnold runs part of his fleet ashore, to avoid capture.
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| 8 | 1777 | - 1777: Great Britain - Samuel Crompton in England invents the spinning mule capable of spinning cloth in great quantity.
- 1777: CA - Spinning mule invented to spin multiple strands of yarn.
- 4 Jul 1777: US - Near Fort Ticonderoga, General Burgoyne offers condonement if colonists lay down their arms.
- 16 Oct 1777: CA - General Burgoyne's Indian and French allies desert at the battle of Stillwater.
- 17 Oct 1777: CA - Though aware of approaching relief, Burgoyne, having promised to capitulate, and fearing annihilation by a threatened attack, signs the capitulation. During its first session the Canadian Council passes sixteen ordinances, adopts English Commercial law, and constitutes itself a Court of Appeal, with final resort to the Privy Council in England.
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| 9 | 1778 | - 1778: Great Britain - James Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year
- 1778: Europe - Naval war with France, Spain and Holland ally with France during period to 1783
- 1778: US - First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation is negotiated with the Delaware; they are offered the prospect of statehood
- 1778: US - British and Iroquois forces attack and massacre American settlers in western New York and Pennsylvania.
- 1778: US - The American colonies ally with France.
The English overrun the southern states, but are weakened by a French blockade of shipping.
- 29 Mar 1778: CA - British Captain James Cook explores Alaskan coast, seeking Northwest Passage back to the Atlantic. On the last of three voyages to the west coast, he travels as far north as the Bering Strait and claims Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island for the British. While there, he trades for sea otter pelts.
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| 10 | 1779 | - 1779: Great Britain - The rise of Wyvill's Christopher Wyvill's radical Yorkshire Association Movement
- 1779: CA - At a Parliamentary investigation, General Burgoyne charges failure to the Canadian forces and to St. Luc, commander of the Indians.
- 1779: US - A retaliatory U.S. campaign destroys Indian towns and crops, breaking the Iroquois League's power.
- 1779: US - The American colonies ally with Spain.
- 1779: US - James Cook killed by Hawaiian natives, cutting short his search for Northwest Passage.
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| 11 | 1780 | - 1780: Great Britain - The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act (1778)
- 1780: Southampton, England - Gervinus invents the circular saw.
- 1780: Great Britain - Country banks rise in number from less than 300 to over 700 in period to 1815
- 1780: Great Britain - The Bowler Hat appears in England.
- 1780: CA/US - Quakers begin the Underground Railroad to smuggle slaves to freedom in Canada.
- 1780: NL - De Vierde Engelse Zeeoorlog.
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| 12 | 1781 | - 1781: Great Britain - Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet
- 1781: Great Britain - Matthew Boulton and James Watt produce an improved steam engine with rotary motion achieving significant impact - it means that manufacturers are no longer restricted to site with natural power (i.e., water, wood for charcoal)
- 1781: US - American independence is assured by the British surrender at Yorktown. Gen. George Washington leads the Colonial army against the British.
- 1781: US - By the Articles of Confederation, Congress controls the western lands.
- 1781: NL - William Herschel ontdekt de planeet Uranus.
- 2 Feb 1781: CA/US - Ethan Allen receives a further proposal from Col. Robinson; but sends both to Congress, with a request for the recognition of Vermont. Premising loyalty to Congress, he maintains that Vermont may properly treat with Great Britain, to prevent being subjected to another State, by the authority of a Government which Vermonters have helped to establish.
- Apr 1781: Col. Ira Allen is sent to Canada to arrange an exchange of prisoners.
- 1 May 1781: CA/US - Receiving proposals for Vermont's independnece, Col. Ira Allen temporizes to prevent invasion and enable the farmers to sow seed for another crop.
- 20 Aug 1781: CA/US - As a condition of Vermont's admission to the Union, Congress fixes boundaries which offend both Vermont and New York.
- Sep 1781: US - British proposals to Vermont include a Legislature of two branches.
- 17 Oct 1781: USA - The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the Siege of Yorktown
- 19 Oct 1781: US - Vermont declines Congress' terms.
- 14 Nov 1781: US - Governor Chittenden answers General Washington that, notwithstanding Vermont's interest in the common cause, the people would rather join British Canadians than be subject to New York.
- 18 Dec 1781: US - Troops sent from New York, to coerce New Hampshire grantees, learn that they will defend their rights.
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| 13 | 1782 | - 1782: Ireland - Ireland obtains short-lived parliament
- 1782: US - A smallpox epidemic hits the Sanpoil of Washington.
- 1782: CA - In the course of this year John Molson, the future pioneer of Canadian steam navigation, arrives in Canada
- 1782: CA - Councillor Finlay proposes to establish English schools in Canadian parishes, and to prohibit using the French language in the Law Courts after a certain time.
- 1 Jan 1782: US - Threatened by three hostile forces, Vermont is advised by Gen. George Washington, a skilled surveyor, to limit jurisdiction to undisputed territory.
- 22 Feb 1782: US - Vermont accepts the prescribed delimination.
- 1 Mar 1782: US - It is proposed, in Congress, to treat Vermont as hostile, failing submission to the terms of 20th August, 1781, and to divide it between New York and New Hampshire, along the ridge of the Green Mountains; and that the Commander-in-chief employ the Congressional forces to further this resolution.
- 22 Mar 1782: Great Britain - Lord North's government collapses
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| 14 | 1783 | - 1783: Great Britain - Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon.
- 1783: Great Britain - Fox-North coalition established
- 1783: Great Britain - Britain recognises American independence at the Treaty of Paris.
- 1783: Ireland - Act of Renunciation gives Ireland rights in legislation and judication
- 1783: Great Britain - William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister, simplifies taxes and customs duties, tries to pacify Ireland, abolish slave-trading and laws preventing Catholics holding office; returns Florida and Minorca to Spain and Senegal to France
- 1783: Great Britain - Englishman Henry Cort invents the Rolling Mill for steel production.
- 1783: Great Britain - Sébastien Lenormand demonstrates the first parachute.
- 1783: Great Britain - Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock.
- 1783: US - American independence is formally recognized at the Treaty of Paris.
- 1783: CA/US/UK - The success of the rebellious 13 American colonies leaves the British with the poorest remnants of their New World empire and the determination to prevent a second revolution. However, they have to accommodate the roughly 50,000 refugees from the American Revolution who settle in Nova Scotia and the upper St. Lawrence. These United Empire Loyalists soon begin to agitate for the political and property rights they had previously enjoyed in the thirteen colonies.
- 1783: CA/US - Treaty of Paris gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland, but not to dry or cure fish on land.
- 1783: CA - More than 5,000 Blacks leave the United States to live in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario. Having sided with the British during the American War of Independence, they come to Canada as United Empire Loyalists, some as free men and some as slaves. Although promised land by the British, they receive only varying amounts of poor-quality land, and, in fact, some receive none at all.
- 1783: CA - In Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Rose Fortune becomes Canada's first policewoman.
- 1783: CA/US - The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods.
- 1783: CA - In the area around the mouth of the St. John River, those who fled the thirteen American colonies by 1783 are called United Empire Loyalists. Those who arrive after 1783 are called Late Loyalists.
- 1783: CA - Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into southwestern Ontario.
- 1783: US - Vermont delays entering the Union, because Congress is partial to New York, and because of the General Government's indebtedness, for which Vermont is not bound.
- 20 Jan 1783: US/UK - Preliminaries of peace are signed between Great Britain and the United States.
- 2 Apr 1783: Great Britain - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig)
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| 15 | 1784 | |
| 16 | 1785 | - 1785: Great Britain - William Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated
- 1785: Great Britain - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invents the torsion balance.
- 1785: Great Britain - Blanchard invents a working parachute.
- 1785: Great Britain - Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.
- 1785: France - Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching.
- 1785: Scotland - Glasgow triples in size, has 54 cotton mills in full work during period to 1818
- 1785: USA - Oliver Evans of Newport, Delaware invented the automatic flour-milling machinery that revolutionized the industry.
- 1785: UK - Introduction of Power loom in England for weaving cloth
- 1785: CA - The city of Saint John, New Brunswick is incorporated. Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859).
- 1785: CA - New Brunswick is separated from Nova Scotia
- 1785: CA - Du Calvet proposes Canadian representation in the British Parliament, three members, each, for the Districts of Quebec and Montreal.
- 1785: CA - To a proposed Elective Legislature, it is objected that French Canadians do not wish to change their customary laws, and that there are not enough fit men to compose a Legislature.
- 1785: CA - Isaac Brock takes command of the 49th Foot, which would be the backbone of the British Empire forces in Canada during the War of 1812.
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| 17 | 1786 | - 1786: Great Britain - The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up
- 1786: Pennsylvania, USA - John Fitch invents a steamboat.
- 1786: CA - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland allowed to import goods from the United States.
- 1786: CA - John Molson founds his first brewery in Montreal.
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| 18 | 1787 | - 1787: Windsor, Great Britain - In Windsor Great Park, King George III alights from carriage and addresses oak tree as King of Prussia, but eventually recovers from this attack of dementia; first colonies in Australia, first iron boat launched
- 1787: CA - Prince William Henry (future William IV) lands at Quebec.
- 1787: CA - The Toronto Purchase was an agreement between the British crown and the Mississaugas of New Credit in 1787. The Mississaugas of New Credit exchanged for 250,808 acres (101,528 hectares) of land in Toronto for 149 barrels of goods and a small amount of cash. A revision of the deal was made in 1805.
The land sold consists of:
former city of Etobicoke, Ontario
former city of North York, Ontario
former city of Toronto, Ontario
west end of the former city of Scarborough, Ontario
former city of York, Ontario
former city of East York, Ontario
City of Vaughan, Ontario
King Township
Western end of Markham, Ontario (or Thornhill, Ontario)
Western end of Whitchurch
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| 19 | 1788 | - 1788: Great Britain - Time to travel from London to Manchester reduced from 4.5 days to 28 hours
- 1788: CA - Attorney-General Monk and Solicitor-General Williams are of opinion that, as the Jesuits have no civil existence as a Canadian corporation, their estates accrue to the Crown.
- 1788: CA - Ontario is divided into five districts, under English law.
- 22 Jan 1788: Great Britain - Birth of Lord Byron (died 1824)
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| 20 | 1789 | - 1789: France - French Revolution, Louis XVI, many aristocrats and others executed, France declares war on European monarchies
- 1789: France - The guillotine is invented.
- 1789: Great Britain - The French Revolution sounded the death knoll toward elaborate and affected dress and hairdos. The powdered wig and towering women's hair styles passed from fashion. Simpler, more practical clothes emerged. Boys wore the skeleton suit, often with a comfortable open collar, and by the end of the century with plebian long trousers.
- 1789: USA - Thomas Jefferson brought a pasta making machine back with him when he returned to America after serving as ambassador to France.
- 1789: Switzerland - Dr. Pierre Ordinaire creates an absinthe elixir
- 1789: For the next 4 years, Alexander Mackenzie of Canada, seeking northern river route to the Pacific, travels to the Arctic Ocean; on second journey he crosses continent by land, making contact with many tribes.
- 1789: FR - The French Revolution begins
- 1789: CA - Lord Grenville proposes that lands in Upper Canada be held in free and common soccage, and that the tenure of Lower Canadian lands be optional with the inhabitants.
- 1789: NL - George Washington wordt de eerste President van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika.
- 1789: NL - Bestorming van de Bastille en het begin van de Franse Revolutie.
- 30 Apr 1789: USA - George Washington first president of the United States 1789-1797.
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| 21 | 1790 | - 1790: Great Britain - Edmund Burke publishes his Reflections on the Revolution in France
- 1790: Great Britain - Lower-class radicalism increases, Habeas Corpus Act temporarily suspended
- 1790: USA - The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton.
- 1790: USA - Samuel Slater opens the first U.S. cotton mill in Rhode Island. Thomas Saint in England invents the first cloth-stitching machine.
- 1790: Great Britain - Marie, Vicomte de Botherel, born. He installed kitchens on buses in Paris suburbs in 1839, the first restaurant cars.
- 1790: Great Britain - Marie Harel is said to have developed Camembert cheese in Normandy.
- 1790: CA - British Captain George Vancouver begins his three-year survey of northwest coast of North America
- 1790: CA - Spain signs the Nootka Convention, ceding the Pacific Northwest to England and the United States.
- 7 Oct 1790: US - New York consents to Vermont's admission to the Union, with cessation of New York's jurisdiction, in the disputed territory.
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| 22 | 1791 | - 1791: Great Britain - The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat
- 1791: Great Britain - James Boswell publishes his Life of Johnson and Thomas Paine, his Rights of Man
- 1791: Great Britain - John Barber invents the gas turbine.
- 1791: CA - The Province of Lower Canada was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 from the partition of the British colony of the Province of Quebec (1763-1791) into the Province of Lower Canada and the Province of Upper Canada.
Lower Canada consisted of part of former French colony of New France, populated mainly by French Canadians, which was ceded to Great Britain after that empire's victory in the Seven Years' War
- 1791: CA - Edmund Burke supports the proposed constitution for Canada, saying that: "To attempt to amalgamate two populations, composed of races of men diverse in language, laws and habitudes, is a complete absurdity. Let the proposed constitution be founded on man's nature, the only solid basis for an enduring government.
- 1791: CA - Fox declares that England can retain Canada "through the good will of the Canadians, alone."
- 1791: CA - Lord Grenville, denying that Canadian attachment to French jurisprudence is due to prejudice, says it is founded "on the noblest sentiments of the human breast."
- 1791: CA/US - George Vancouver leaves England to explore the west coast; Alejandro Malaspina also explores the northwest coast for Spain.
- 1791: CA - In response to Loyalist demands, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divides Quebec into Lower Canada (mostly French) and Upper Canada (mostly English who recently migrated from America). In so doing, the Crown hopes to create a stable society that is distinctly non-American. Although French-Canadians retain the privileges granted by the Quebec Act, the Anglican church receives preferred status, including the clergy reserves.
An Anglo-French colonial aristocracy of rich merchants, leading officials, and landholders is expected to work with the royal governors to ensure proper order. Legislative assemblies, although elected by propertied voters, have little real power.
- 1791: CA - Population of Lower Canada is 160,000. Population of Upper Canada is 14,000.
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| 23 | 1792 | - 1792: Italy - Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals 'consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard'
- 1792: Great Britain - Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her Vindication of the Rights of Women
- 1792: Great Britain - Cartwright invents steam-powered weaving loom
- 1792: Great Britain - The first ambulance.
- 1792: CA - A large number of the Black Loyalists in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia migrate to Sierra Leone in West Africa, mainly because the promises of land in Canada were not kept by the British.
- 7 May 1792: CA - Lower Canada is divided into 21 counties.
- 15 Oct 1792: CA - The law of England is introduced in Upper Canada.
- Dec 1792: CA - A bill to abolish slavery, in Lower Canada, does not pass.
- 20 Dec 1792: CA - A fortnightly mail is established between Canada and the United States.
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| 24 | 1793 | - 1793: Great Britain - Economic depression
- 1793: Great Britain - Speculative 'Canal Bubble' bursts
- 1793: Great Britain - Board of Agriculture formed to popularise new methods and machinery
- 1793: Great Britain - Britain becomes foremost world trader during period to 1815
- 1793: Great Britain - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin which efficiently separates cotton fibers from the seeds, allowing one person to do a job once done by 50 people. This profoundly changes the economics of raising cotton, revitalizing slavery in the American South.
- 1793: CA - Merchant vessels first navigate Lake Ontario.
- 1 Feb 1793: Great Britain - France declares war on Britain
- 9 Jul 1793: CA - Act Against Slavery passed into law, making Upper Canada the first British territory to bring in legislation against slavery, although it does not abolish slavery entirely.
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| 25 | 1794 | - 1794: Great Britain - Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that 'warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity.'
- 1794: Great Britain - Metric system introduced in France
- 1794: Great Britain - More lower-class radicalism, Habeas Corpus suspended again, instigators charged with treason, in Scotland found guilty and transported
- 1794: Great Britain - Welshman Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.
- 1794: Great Britain - Total of 40,000 British troops die in West Indies in war with France over two year period
- 1794: CA/US - Jay Treaty establishes neutral commission to settle border disputes between United States and Canada; restores trade between the United States and British colonies of Canada; also guarantees Indians free movement across the border.
- 1 Jun 1794: Great Britain - Howe defeats French fleet at Ushant
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| 26 | 1795 | - 1795: Great Britain - The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence
- 1795: Ireland - Near-civil war between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland, erupts in 1798, takes nearly a year to suppress
- 1795: Great Britain - New Treason and Sedition Act passed
- 1795: Great Britain - Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food.
- 1795: CA - British create protective tariffs to encourage timber production for Navy after Napoléon Bonaparte cuts off Baltic supply of tall trees and hardwood. First in New Brunswick then in Lower and Upper Canada. Montreal merchants expand transport to handle trade.
- 1795: CA - A road Act is passed, in Lower Canada, though opposed by country people, who fear a return of the Statue labor of Governor Haldimand's time.
- 1795: CA - A Canadian regiment is raised, but is disbanded, owing to Britain's unfavorable experience of training colonists to the use of arms.
- 1795: NL - De periode 1795-1814 wordt gekenmerkt door grote armoede, zelfs voor de hoge stand.
- 1795: NL - Utrecht wordt bezet door het Franse leger. Willem V vlucht naar Engeland.
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| 27 | 1796 | - 1796: Great Britain - Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity
- 1796: Italy - General Napoleon Bonaparte appears on scene, attacks Austrian armies
- 1796: Ceylon - British conquer Ceylon
- 1796: CA - About 600 Blacks from Jamaica are deported to Nova Scotia. Known as Maroons, they help rebuild the Halifax Citadel. In 1800, most of them leave for Sierra Leone, Africa.
- 1796: CA - York becomes the capital of Upper Canada.
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| 28 | 1797 | - 1797: Europe - All Europe makes peace with France save Britain, sea battle off Cape St. Vincent (off Spanish coast), Jervis and Nelson (then Captain) utterly defeat big French and Spanish fleet
- 1797: Great Britain - Royal Navy sailors at Spithead and the Nore mutiny over deplorable conditions
- 1797: USA - John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801.
- 1797: Great Britain - A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe.
- 1797: Great Britain - Wittemore patents a carding machine.
- 1797: Great Britain - John Hetherington in London develops the top hat.
- 1797: Great Britain - Major Dubied purchased the formula for an 'absinthe elixir' and together with his son, Henri-Louis Pernod sets up an absinthe factory in Switzerland.
- 1797: NL - Kollumer Oproer. In de Franse tijd stonden Patriotten en Prinsgezinden soms fel tegen over elkaar. Dat was ook al zo voordat de Fransen ons land introkken. In het jaar 1797 bleek, dat de Oranjeliefde nog sterk leefde onder het gewone volk. Het kwam tot een uitbarsting, die bekend staat als het Kollumer Oproer. In de gemeente Kollumerland ontstonden onregelmatigheden. Op woensdag 18 januari 1797 werden de bewoners van Kollumerzwaag opgeroepen om na te gaan wie van hen geschikt waren voor de "burgerwapening". En op zaterdag 28 januari werd de bevolking van Burum opgeroepen. Onder hen was ook ene Abele Reitzes, de zoon van de weduwe van Reitze Abels. Toen Abele uit Kollum terug kwam, riep hij "Oranje Boven". Daarop werd hij in de nacht van 2 op 3 februari gevangen genomen. Eerst werd hij vastgezet in het Rechthuis te Kollum met het doel hem later over te brengen naar het blokhuis te Leeuwarden. De arrestatie van Abele was de druppel die de emmer deed overlopen. Uit het westen van de gemeente kwamen velen naar Kollum om Abele te bevrijden. Onderweg naar Kollum werden al enige huizen in brand gestoken. De mannen waren bewapend met zeisen, snoeimessen, sikkels, en alles wat maar kon dienen om de tegenstanders schrik aan te jagen. De kamer van de secretaris werd bezet. De secretaris werd gedwongen een verklaring te tekenen dat niemand deze daad met enig leed zou moeten betalen. Ook werd Abele Reitzes onder dwang vrij gelaten. Ondertussen werd echter het gezag in Leeuwarden gewaarschuwd. Er werd versterking gestuurd en een aantal oproerkraaiers werd gevangen gezet in de kerk, waaronder Jan Binnes van Oudwoude. De volgende dag kwamen aanhangers van deze Jan Binnes weer in grote getale naar Kollum. Aangevuld met mensen uit de Dongeradelen en Burum werden de troepen van de patriotten uit Kollum verdreven. Een detachement ruiters met friese paarden en twee veldstukken werd naar Kollum en omgeving gestuurd en de rust keerde weer. De volgende dagen werden in geheel noord en noordoost-friesland rebellen gevangen genomen. Er werden zware straffen opgelegd aan 168 gevangen genomen Prinsgezinden. Jan Binnes en (later) Salomon Levy werden ter dood gebracht, terwijl anderen hoge boetes kregen opgelegd.
- 18 Jan 1797: CA - A weekly mail is established between Canada and the United States. This notice appears in the Quebec Gazette: "A mail for the upper counties, comprehending Niagara and Detroit, will be closed, at this office, on Monday, 30th instant, at four o'clock in the evening, to be forwarded, from Montreal, by the annual winter express, on Thursday, 2nd February next."
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| 29 | 1798 | - 1798: Great Britain - Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio.
- 1798: Great Britain - Introduction of An income tax of ten percent on incomes over £200.
- 1798: Egypt - Battle of the Nile, Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet smashed
- 1798: Ireland - Catholic uprising
- 1798: Great Britain - Wordsworth and Coleridge publish Lyrical Ballads
- 1798: Great Britain - Franco-American Naval War: United States vs France 1798-1800.
- 1798: Great Britain - Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.
- 1798: Great Britain - The first soft drink id invented.
- 1798: UK/FR - Napoleon invades Egypt. Horatio Nelson and British Navy defeat French at Battle of the Nile.
- 1798: CA/US - Indian chiefs, in Canada, claim from Vermont an equivalent of the greater part of Addison, Chittenden, Franklin and Grand Isle counties. They get their expenses to and fro.
- 1798: NL - Twee staatsgrepen in één jaar.
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| 30 | 1799 | - 1799: Great Britain - Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France
- 1799: France - Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France
- 1799: Great Britain - Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins
- 1799: France - Napoleon becomes President of France; amendments to Treason and Sedition Act
- 1799: Great Britain - Alessandro Volta invents the battery.
- 1799: Great Britain - Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making.
- 1799: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 913, children 1 in 115. For the first time London birth rate passes death rate, continues until introduction of water closet deposits effluence in Thames (source of potable water) and typhoid returns
- 1799: Great Britain - Eliza Acton Born. She wrote the first cookbook for the housewife, rather than for the professional chef.
- 1799: France - Joseph-Louis Proust, a French chemist, extracted sugar from grapes, and proved it identical to sugar extracted from honey.
- 1799: CA - Handsome Lake, a Seneca chief, founds the Longhouse religion
- 1799: CA/US - American competition for West Indies trade kills Liverpool, Nova Scotia's merchant fleet.
- 1799: CA/US - Vermont answers Indian chiefs, in Canada, that their claims were extinguished by treaties of 1763 and 1783 between France, Great Britain and the United States.
- 1799: NL - Op 31 december wordt de VOC formeel ontbonden.
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| 31 | 1800 | |
| 32 | 1801 | - 1801: UK - The first British Census is undertaken
- 1801: UK - Population of England and Wales now 10 million, Great Britain estimated at 11 million, biggest increases in North and West Midlands, London now 1 million plus, Manchester 137,201, Glasgow and Edinburgh 100,000 plus, England has 8 towns larger than 50,000, 6 of them in the North; Lord Dundas travels on Scottish canal in small steamboat - beginning of steamboat travel
- 1801: UK - Tripolitan War 1801-1805. Barbary Wars: also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1801-1805.
- 1801: USA - Thomas Jefferson president of the USA 1801-1809.
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| 33 | 1802 | - 1802: UK - Peace with France is established. Peel introduces the first factory legislation
- 1802: UK - Ineffective Treaty of Amiens signed with French
- 1802: CA - First Nations massacre Russians at Old Sitka; only a few survive.
- 1802: CA - Saint Mary's University is founded at Halifax.
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| 34 | 1803 | - 1803: UK - Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
- 1803: UK - Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land
- 1803: UK - Threat of French invasion causes flood of volunteers, army of half a million fielded during period to 1805
- 1803: US - Thomas Jefferson completes Louisiana Purchase extending U.S. control west of the Mississippi River; federal plans to resettle Eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi soon begin.
- 1803: US - John Colter becomes the fourth man selected by William Clark to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition.
- 1803: NL - Oorlog tussen Frankrijk en Engeland. De Engelsen veroveren de Nederlandse koloniën.
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| 35 | 1804 | - 1804: France - Napoleon crowned Emperor of France
- 1804: UK - John Dalton establishes atomic theory
- 1804: UK - Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive.
- 1804: UK - Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting.
- 1804: US - Lewis and Clark start up the Missouri River.
- 1804: CA/US - 1,400 American ships are fishing off Labrador and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
- 1804: CA - Locks are placed at Coteau, the Cascades and at Long Sault.
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| 36 | 1805 | - 1805: UK - Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen
- 1805: UK/FR - Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats French at Battle of Trafalgar.
- 1805: US - Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean.
- 1805: CA/US - Vermont passes an act to establish the line between that State and Canada
- 1805: NL - Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck raadpensionaris.
- 21 Oct 1805: UK - Battle of Trafalgar, Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson trounces French and Spanish fleets for Britain, is mortally wounded; John Wilkinson expires, buried in iron coffin
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| 37 | 1806 | - 1806: Africa - Cape Colony passes under British control
- 1806: UK - Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, asparagine' from asparagus.
- 1806: UK - Sir Humphry Davy discovers sodium, magnesium, potassium, many other metals, and chlorine
- 1806: CA - Minor trouble arises after 1806 when a governor attempts to anglicize Lower Canada, but he is able to quell dissent if not to achieve his goal.
- 1806: US - On return trip John Colter is released from the Lewis and Clark Expedition to join Forrest Hancock and Joseph Dickson (Dixon) to trap the Yellowstone River.
- 1806: CA - Le Canadien, a Quebec nationalist newspaper, is founded.
- 1806: NL - Het 3 Guldenmuntstuk wordt vervangen door de rijksdaalder.
- 1806: NL - Willem V overlijdt in Brunswijk. Lodewijk Napoleon koning van Holland.
- 23 Jan 1806: UK - Death of Pitt the Younger
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| 38 | 1807 | - 1807: UK - Trading in slaves made illegal in England by work of Wilberforce
- 1807: UK - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig)
- 1807: USA - Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat
- 1807: UK - The slave trade is abolished in the British Empire, although slavery continues in the colonies.
- 1807: US - The British ship Leopard searches the U.S. Chesapeake for deserters, kills some of the crew and takes Radford, who is hanged. Pending satisfaction, the United States close their ports to British ships, though reparation is tendered.
- 1807: US/UK - Thomas Jefferson signs bill banning all foreign trade following British attacks on American shipping.
- 1807: NL - De ontploffing van het kruitschip in Leiden.
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| 39 | 1808 | - 1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814)
- 1808: Portugal - Battle of Vimeiro is a British victory; British casualties less than 40,000 dead
- 1808: CA - The Upper Canada Militia Act 1808 states that all males between ages of sixteen and sixty are required to enroll as militiamen and are to be called out once a year for exercises
- 1808: NL - Oude Pekela heeft 3371 inwoners, Nieuwe Pekela heeft 3299 inwoners.
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| 40 | 1809 | - 1809: UK - Two-year commercial boom in Britain
- 1809: USA - James Madison president of the USA 1809-1817.
- 1809: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp.
- 1809: UK - Grain famine each of the years to 1812
- 1809: US - Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Southeast against the United States. His brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
- 1809: US - For the next 24 years, Sequoyah single-handedly creates a Cherokee syllabic alphabet so that his people's language can be written.
- 1809: US - American President James Madison reinstates the embargo on British trade.
- 3 Nov 1809: CA - John Molson's steam-boat Accommodation starts for Quebec City. It is 85 feet over all, has a 6 horse-power engine, makes the distance in 36 hours, but stops at night and reaches Quebec on November 6. The Accommodation is the second steam-boat in America and, probably, in the world.
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| 41 | 1810 | - 1810: UK - Final illness of George III begins
- 1810: Germany - Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press.
- 1810: UK - Over the next decade the death rate in England and Wales reaches 21.1 in 1000
- 1810: US - War Hawks advocate war with Britain, which has been harassing American shipping.
- 1810: NL - Het Koninkrijk Holland wordt bij Frankrijk ingelijfd.
- Mar 1810: CA - Le Canadien of Quebec is suppressed, for "seditious utterances." Soldiers, led by a magistrate, seize the plant and apprehend the printer. Warrants to arrest Bedard, Taschereau, Papineau, Viger and others are issued. The Governor asks: "During the fifty years you have been under British rule, has one act of oppression, one instance of arbitrary imprisonment, of violation of property, or of the rights of conscience ever occurred?"
- 26 Nov 1810: CA - John Molson asks the exclusive right to construct and navigate steam-boats, on the St. Lawrence, for 15 years.
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