Timeline: Cornelia ZUURDEEG: The ZUURDEEG Family

1715 - 1768 (52 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1715	1715: Great Britain - Thomas Fairchild produced the first artificial hybrid plant 1715: Scotland - The Jacobite Rebellion begins in Scotland with the aim of overthrowing the Hanovarian succession and placing the 'Old Pretender' - James II's son - on the throne. The rebellion is easily defeated 1715: Great Britain - The Septennial Act sets General Elections to be held every seven years
2	1716	1716: Italy - John Lombe steals plans for silk manufacture, returning to England he and brother Thomas build vast factory on island at Derby 1716: Scotland - James Lind was born. Lind was a Scottish physician who recommended that fresh citrus fruit and lemon juice be included in the seamen's diet to eliminate scurvy. The Dutch had been doing this for almost two hundred years. 1716: CA - Jacques Talbot came to Montreal as a schoolmaster.
3	1717	1717: Great Britain - Townshend is dismissed from government by George I, causing Walpole to resign. The Whig party is split. Convocation is suspended 1717: Europe - England allies with French and Dutch against Spanish, Spanish brought to heel in 1718 1717: Great Britain - Edmond Halley invents the diving bell. 1717: Great Britain - John Lombe in England invents a machine for 'throwing' silk which produces a strong twisted thread 1717: CA - Fort Kaministiquia was founded by French merchants to be the first in a series of forts reaching westward to expand trade and seek a route to the western sea. (Daniel Greysolon Dulhut had built a fort, (Fort Caministigoyan), at the same location on the Kaministiquia River in 1679.) 1717: NL - Bij een stormvloed tijdens de kerstmis komen in Groningen en Friesland 5000 mensen om.
4	1719	1719: Great Britain - The South Sea Bubble bursts, leaving many investors ruined after speculating with stock of the South Sea Company 1719: British North America - The first potato planted North Amercia was planted in Londonderry Common Field, New Hampshire.
5	1720	1720: Great Britain - Dr. Richard Mead publishes Short Discourse Concerning Pestilential Contagion, advocates quarantine, proposes establishment of government Council of Health; inoculation against smallpox introduced from Constantinople by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 1720: Great Britain - Hospitals founded in London: Guy's, St. George's, London & Middlesex in period to 1745 1720: Meiringen, Switzerland - Invention of meringue is attributed to an Italian pastry chef named Gasparini. 1720: US - French forts along the Mississippi River spread northward from New Orleans. 1720: UK - Lord Baltimore sponsors expedition to bring settlers to Newfoundland.
6	1721	1721: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole returns to government as First Lord of the Treasury. He remains in office until 1742 and effectively becomes Britain's first Prime Minister 1721: CA - 800 Acadians take oath of allegiance to the French.
7	1722	1722: Great Britain - First written reference to Stilton cheese in William Stukeley's Itinerarium Curiosum, letter V 1722: Great Britain - Death of the Duke of Marlborough. The Jacobite 'Atterbury Plot' is hatched 1722: France - C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher. 1722: US - The Tuscarora become the sixth tribe of the Iroquois Confederacy.
8	1723	1723: Great Britain - Legislation allowing parishes to create 'unions' or workhouses, to prevent escape of children they could be manacled 1723: Great Britain - Excise Act, restrictions removed on exports, duty removed on imports of raw materials; London builds bonded warhouse for tea, coffee and chocolate 1723: New England, USA - Dummer's War 1723-1726. 1723: NL - Grens tusschen Onstwedde en Pekela geregeld. 16 Jul 1723: Devon, Great Britain - Birth of Sir Joshua Reynolds (died 1792), arguably finest English landscape and portrait painter, career 1750-1780
9	1724	1724: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle develops passion for electioneering politics, becomes Secretary of State, controls government patronage for nearly 40 years 1724: Great Britain - Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.
10	1725	1725: CA - Claude-Thomas Dupuy was appointed intendant of New France. 1725: CA - Peter the Great sends Vitus Bering to explore the North Pacific. 30 Apr 1725: Great Britain - Treaty of Vienna: Austria and Spain resolve differences
11	1726	1726: Scotland - First circulating library in Britain opens in Edinburgh. Jonathan Swift publishes his Gulliver's Travels 1726: Great Britain - English peers number 179, about 130 of whom are active 1726: CA - Charles de la Boische, Marquis de Beauharnois was appointed as Governor of New France. 1726: CA - Thomas-Jacques Taschereau arrived in New France (Canada) as a private secretary to the Intendant of New France, Claude-Thomas Dupuy.
12	1727	1727: Great Britain - Death of Sir Isaac Newton and of King George I (in Hanover) 1727: Great Britain - The Gentleman's Magazine, first modern magazine, published 1727: Great Britain - Rev. Stephen Hales publishes Vegetable Staticks, important contributions to chemistry and botany 1727: Great Britain - Provincial newspapers have increased from 8 in 1700 to 25 in 1727 1727: Great Britain - George II, ruler of England to 1760. House of Hanover: Only son of George I, married Caroline of Brandenburg. 14 May 1727: Great Britain - Baptism of Thomas Gainsborough, portrait painter influenced by Sir Joshua Reynolds
13	1728	1728: France - Pierre Fauchard, in The Surgeon Dentist, described preventive measures to keep teeth healthy as well as inventing the word dentist. 1728: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye was appointed commandant of the French posts on the north shore of Lake Superior and stationed at Fort Kaministiquia 1728: CA - Vitus Bering sails through the Bering Strait.
14	1729	1729: Great Britain - Alexander Pope publishes his Dunciad 1729: US - Natchez attacked French Fort Rosalie and French settlements nearby after the French commander of the fort, Sieur Chepart, ordered them to abandon their village of White Apple. The Natchez wiped out the entire settlement and captured Fort Rosalie. In 1730 and 1731 the French, aided by the Choctaw, launched two counterattacks out of New Orleans, capturing and selling into plantation slavery most of the tribe and its smaller allies. A few bands found refuge among the Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee. 1729: NL - De Dokkumer Nieuwe Zijlen aangelegd. 1729: NL - Willem IV stadhouder in de gewesten Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe en Gelderland.
15	1730	1730: Great Britain - A split occurs between Walpole and Townshend 1730: Ireland - Famine strikes 1730: Great Britain - In early part of 1700s, death rate had surpassed birth rate; begins to reverse; after 1780 death-rate plummets - due to replacement of gin-drinking with beer-drinking after taxes increased and retail sales curtailed on former in 1750; medical care improves, as does agriculture, more food available 1730: Great Britain - Georg Brandt, a Swedish chemist, discovered the element cobalt. Cobalt is used in steel making, and is an essential part of vitamin B12. 1730: UK - Seven Cherokee chiefs visit London and form an alliance, The Articles of Agreement, with King George II. 1730: CA - The Mississauga drive the Seneca Iroquois south of Lake Erie. 1730: NL - De aardappel wordt in ons land geintroduceerd, een Zuid-Amerikaans product.
16	1731	1731: Europe - Second Treaty of Vienna, Austria and Spain smooth out remaining differences 1731: CA - Fort St. Pierre on Rainy Lake established by Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye. This was the first fort in La Verendrye's expansion of the "Posts of the West". 1731: CA - For the next 12 years, the La Verendrye family organize expeditions beyond Lake Winnipeg and direct fur trade toward the east. 1731: NL - De paalworm teistert ons land, de worm vreet de palen in onze dijken op.
17	1732	1732: British North America - A royal charter is granted for the founding of Georgia in America 1732: Great Britain - The English banned American made hats to protect domestic haberdashers. 1732: CA - Fort St. Charles, on Lake of the Woods was constructed by La Vérendrye's nephew, Christopher Dufrost de La Jemeraye and his eldest son Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye.
18	1733	1733: Great Britain - The Excise Crisis occurs and Walpole is forced to abandon his plans to reorganise the customs and excise 1733: Europe - Further cementing of relations between Austria and Spain 1733: Great Britain - John Kay invents the flying shuttle. 1733: CA/US - Vitus Bering's second expedition, with George Wilhelm Steller aboard, the first naturalist to visit Alaska.
19	1734	1734: Great Britain - Walpole returned to power with smaller majority, power weakened 1734: CA - Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye establishes Fort Maurepas (Canada) on the Red River about five leagues south of Lake Winnipeg, third of the main La Vérendrye posts. (St. Pierre on Rainy River; reactivated; Fort St. Charles on Lake of the Woods.) 1734: CA - A Montreal slave named Marie-Joseph Angelique learns that she is to be sold to someone else. In an attempt to escape, she sets a fire in her mistress's house. The fire can not be contained, causing damage to half of Montreal. She is caught, tortured and hanged, bringing attention to the conditions of the slaves.
20	1735	1735: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau came to Fort St. Charles with La Vérendrye to carry out his duties as a missionary. 1735: NL - Jan Klatter, schuitvaarder van Pekela op Groningen.
21	1736	1736: Great Britain - John Harrison finished building and tested at sea what proved to be the first accurate chronometer for timing longitude 1736: Great Britain - Duke of Newcastle now controls clerical (religious) patronage 8 Jun 1736: CA - Father Jean-Pierre Aulneau, Jean Baptiste de La Vérendrye and 19 French voyageurs were headed from Fort St. Charles to Montreal via Fort St. Pierre. On their first night out they were massacred by Sioux warriors on a nearby island in Lake of the Woods.
22	1737	1737: Scotland - Porteous Riots 1737: America - Spain begins to attack British trade 1737: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 15, 1701 Died December 28, 1771) and some friends in Montreal, begin taking in the poor and educating abandoned children. 20 Nov 1737: Great Britain - Death of King George II's wife, Queen Caroline
23	1738	1738: Great Britain - John and Charles Wesley start the Methodist movement in Britain 1738: Europe - Third Treaty of Vienna settles Polish question, gives Lorraine to France 1738: CA/US - Smallpox strikes the Cherokee in the Southeast, killing almost half the population. Smallpox also reaches tribes in western Canada. 1738: CA - Ester Bradeau, in the guise of a cabin boy, is the first known Jewish woman to arrive in Canada. Eventually she is deported to France for failing to embrace the Roman Catholic religion 1738: CA - Fort Rouge (the fort), built on the Assiniboine River near the Forks. 1738: CA - Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye travelled southwest from Fort La Reine to the area of the Missouri River in what is now North Dakota.
24	1739	1739: Europe - Britain goes to war with Spain in the War of Jenkins' Ear. The cause: Captain Jenkins' ear was claimed to have been cut off during a Naval Skirmish 1739: Great Britain - First 'Lying-in hospital' for women 1739: Europe - War with Spain, War with France; Britain uses German and Dutch mercenaries 1739: NL - De vroeg ingevallen strenge winter zorgt voor hongersnood.
25	1740	1740: Europe - Commencement of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe 1740: Great Britain - For stealing a handkerchief from the person a child could be hanged by the neck until dead 1740: Great Britain - Publication of the first novel, Samuel Richardson's Pamela 1740: British North America - War against France (to 1748) 1740: India - British War against the French, Major Stringer Lawrence and Robert Clive win for Britain (period to 1748) 1740: Great Britain - Quaker Benjamin Huntsman discovers method of making high-quality cast steel 1740: Europe/US - For the next 8 years, The War of the Austrian Succession, with the American counterpart King George's War. 1740: NL - Begin van 't koffiedrinken.
26	1741	1741: Ireland - Further famine, population about 4 million 1741: CA - First Fort Dauphin, was built near Winnipegosis, Manitoba. 1741: CA - Vitus Bering, in service of Russia, reaches Alaska; Russians soon trade with natives for sea otter pelts. 1741: CA - Fort Bourbon established near present day Grand Rapids, Manitoba. 1741: CA - François-Josué de la Corne Dubreuil appointed commandant at Fort Kaministiquia.
27	1742	1742: Great Britain - Spencer Compton, Earl of Wilmington Prime Minister until 1743 (Whig) 1742: Great Britain - Beginning with a bull calf from the cow Silver and two cows, Pidgeon and Mottle (inherited from his father's estate), Benjamin Tomkins is credited with founding the Hereford breed. 1742: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole resigns after criticism for advocating mercenaries; John Carteret, 2nd Earl Granville succeeds him 1742: Williamsburg, British North America - The Compleat Housewife, or Accomplish'd Gentlewoman's Companion is the first cookbook published in America 1742: CA - First scientific report on the North Pacific fur seal. 1742: CA - First Fort Paskoya built by La Verendrye at Cedar Lake.
28	1743	1743: Great Britain - Henry Pelham Prime Minister until 1754 (Whig) 1743: CA - Concentrated hunting of sea otter by Russia begins. 1743: CA - Father Claude-Godefroy Coquart joins La Vérendrye at Fort La Reine 27 Jun 1743: Germany - Battle of Dettingen - King George II is victorious
29	1744	1744: Great Britain - King George's War: French Colonies vs Great Britain 1744-1748. 1744: Treaty of Lancaster (English-Iroquois). 1744: CA - Nicolas-Joseph de Noyelles de Fleurimont succeeded Pierre Gaultier de Varennes et de La Vérendrye as the Commandant of the western French forts. 15 Mar 1744: France declares war on England
30	1745	1745: Great Britain - Sir Robert Walpole dies 1745: Great Britain - E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor. 1745: Western Highlands, Scotland - Bonnie Prince Charlie, son of James III, lands and triggers a Jacobite Rebellion 1745: Great Britain - Scots reach Derby; 'Bonnie Prince Charlie' is inexplicably persuaded to turn back, loses initiative 1745: Scotland - The secret formula for Drambuie liqueur is given to the Mackinnon family by Prince Charles Edward. 1745: NL - De landbouw wordt geconfronteerd met de tweede veepestepidemie. 11 May 1745: Fonteney, Austrian Netherlands - Battle of Fontenoy (Flanders/Belgium), George's son, Duke of Cumberland, leads Britain's defeat 17 Jun 1745: CA - Louisbourg surrenders to English after six-week siege. 21 Sep 1745: Scotland - a Scottish victory at the Battle of Prestonpans
31	1746	1746: England - William Pitt (the elder) enters government 1746: Typhoid fever epidemic breaks out among the Micmac of Nova Scotia. 1 Mar 1746: CA - Jacques-Pierre de Taffanel de la Jonquière, Marquis de la Jonquière, was appointed governor general of New France 16 Apr 1746: Culloden, Scotland - Battle of Culloden, Scots defeated by Cumberland; fails to capture Charles who, after five months, escapes to France 16 Apr 1746: UK - The Battle of Culloden (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Chùil Lodair) was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian British Government in the 1745 Jacobite Rising. It was the last land battle to be fought on mainland Britain. Culloden brought the Jacobite cause—to restore the House of Stuart to the throne of the Kingdom of Great Britain—to a decisive defeat. 30 Aug 1746: CA - Duc d'Anville, a French aristocrat, arrives at Chebucto (now Halifax Harbour) with 13,000 men in 70 ships. His orders from the King of France: Expel the British from Nova Scotia, then burn Boston and sack New England. Disease and dissension within the command structure defeats d'Anville's force, which despite its formidable strength has no discernible effect on the course of events in North America. Oct 1746: CA - Fortress Louisbourg and l'Ile-Royale are returned to France by the Treaty of Aix-La-Chapelle.
32	1747	1747: Great Britain - Yorkshire pudding mentioned in recipes 1747: Great Britain - Art of Cookery, by Hannah Glasse is published. 1747: British North America - The oldest cattle ranch in the US was started at Montauk on Long Island, New York. 1747: CA - Marguerite d'Youville (Born Varennes, France October 1701 Died December 28, 1771) founds the Sisters of Charity or the Grey Nuns of Montreal. 1747: NL - Willem IV wordt erfstadhouder van alle gewesten. 11 Feb 1747: CA - Nova Scotia, a surprise mid-winter attack is launched about three o'clock on the morning on Col. Arthur Noble's detachment of British troops from Massachusetts, by a French and Indian force under Nicholas Antoine Coulon de Villiers. Noble and about 70 of his men were killed.
33	1748	1748: CA - Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island) and Ile Saint-Jean (Prince Edward Island), including Louisbourg is returned to France by the Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties. 1748: CA - Treaty of Logstown (English with Shawnee, Delaware, Wyandot). English later base their claim to the whole Great Lakes and midwest (or Old Northwest as it was later called) on these two treaties. 1748: NL - In Amsterdam worden op de Dam twee plunderaars opgehangen. 18 Oct 1748: Great Britain - The Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle brings the War of Austrian Succession to a close
34	1749	1749: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 41, children 1 in 15 during period to 1758 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg. 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career. 1749: CA - Halifax, capital of Nova Scotia, is founded by British General Edward Cornwallis to counter French presence at Louisbourg. 1749: CA - La Vérendrye was awarded the cross of Saint Louis, in honour of his career.
35	1750	1750: Great Britain - The grapefruit was first described by Griffith Hughes as the 'forbidden fruit' of Barbados 1750: Scotland - Royal Infirmaries are founded in Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen 1750: Great Britain - Tea-drinking begins to rival alcohol-drinking 1750: Great Britain - Population of England and Wales estimated at 6.5 million 1750: Great Britain - During period to 1780 English countryside takes on today's familiar apearance as accelerated enclosure produces small fields surrounded by hedges, fences and walls 1750: CA - The Ojibwa begin to emerge as a distinct tribal amalgamation of smaller independent bands. 1750: CA - German immigrants begin to arrive in numbers at Halifax. 1750: NL - Het sterfjaar van Johann Sebastian Bach.
36	1751	1751: British North America - Benjamin Franklin published Experiments and Observations on Electricity after several years of experiments done with several friends. In this book Franklin suggested an experiment to prove that lightning is a large-scale electrical discharge, a task which later he took upon himself, using a kite. This led to the invention of the lightning rod. 1751: Great Britain - Death of Frederick, Prince of Wales. His son, Prince George, becomes heir to the throne 1751: CA - Fort Le Jonquiere was established in 1751 by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre on the Saskatchewan River (probably in the Nipawin, Sask. area). 1751: NL - Willem IV overlijdt. Willem V wordt de eerste onbenoemde stadhouder.
37	1752	1752: Great Britain - René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur showed by experiment that gastric juice liquifies meat. 1752: Great Britain - Sir John Pringle (1707-1782), Scottish Army physician, publishes Observations on Diseases of the Army, institutes rules for camp hygiene, clothing and diet, shows how dysentery and malaria spread, identifies hospital / camp / gaol (jail) / ship fever as typhus 1752: EU - Start of The Seven Years' War, King George's War: -- English (in New Canada) and French (in New France) duke it out, with Indian allies on each side. Both sides build forts or fortify trading posts in Indian country on the above map. Choctaw, Tuscarora, Yamasee, Cherokee, some Creeks, fight against English; Mohawks, Chickasaw fight for English against French. 1752: CA- French kill Miami chief, fortify the Ohio Valley region with forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio River 1752: CA- -La Corne began a three-year appointment as the western commander of the poste de l’Ouest 1752: UK - The British Empire adopts the Gregorian calendar. 1 Jan 1752: Great Britain - Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar in Britain 23 Mar 1752: CA - Canada's first newspaper, the weekly Halifax Gazette, appears
38	1753	1753: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Naturalization of Jews Act 1753: Great Britain - James Lind (1716-1794) Scottish Navy physician, publishes Treatise on Scurvy; Sir Gilbert Blane, Scottish Naval surgeon, enforces strict rules regarding cleanliness, improves health, lifespan of sailors 1753: CA - The 2nd Fort Paskoya built at a new location which became the Pas. 1753: CA - A trading post, to be later known as Fort de la Corne was built just below the junction of the two branches of the Saskatchewan. 1753: CA - Fort Rouge rebuilt by Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre at its original location.
39	1754	1754: Great Britain - First royal troops disembark in India; Takes 4.5 days to travel London to Manchester 1754: France - Antoine Beauvilliers was born. He was a French chef who founded the first luxury restaurant, La Grande Taverne de Londres. 1754: CA - Anthony Henday travels west from Hudson Bay onto Plains, meets natives on horseback and sees Rocky Mountains. 1754: CA - France sends 3,000 regulars to Canada. Fort Duquesne is built. Benjamin Franklin says the British Colonies will have no peace while France holds Canada. Ango-French competition in the Ohio Valley sparks conflict. 28 May 1754: Washington, with a few men, attacks Jumonville, with thirty followers, near the confluence of the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers. Jumonville and nine of his command are killed. The rest are taken prisoners. The French allege that, before firing began, Jumonville signaled that he had a proposal to make; but Washington says that he observed no signal.
40	1755	1755: Great Britain - Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary. 1755: CA - William Johnson, British superintendent of Indian affairs in the northern colonies, persuades the Iroquois League to break its neutrality and side with England against France. 1755: The Great Expulsion begins. English Expulsion of the French Acadians -- who lived and intermarried with Nova Scotia and Cape Breton Miq'maks (many of whom were also taken). Forcibly loaded into ships and deposited randomly along the southern (now American) coasts, many (probably 1/3 to 1/2) died. Some are ancestors of the Cajuns of Louisiana, and a few made their ways back home. Acadians were idealists, hostile to King and Church authority, who lived in peace with the Miq'maks. Neither the French rulers nor the English wanted them. 23 Mar 1755: Great Britain - Josiah Spode was born; the inventor of Fine Bone China. 16 Jun 1755: CA - Fort Beausejour, garrisoned by 400 Frenchmen, is surrendered to Col. Winslow, of Massachusetts, commanding 2,300, of whom 300 are regulars. Jul 1755: CA/US - Seven British Colonial Governors form a Treaty with the Iroquois, and project a federal union for carrying on war, under a president to be named by the King. 8 Sep 1755: US - Baron Dieskay, with 1,500 French and Indian troops, overcomes Col. Williams, with 1,400 English and Indians, near Fort George. Immediately afterwards, the French attack Col. Johnson's force, barricaded at Fort George, but are repelled, with heavy loss. The two commanders are wounded, and the two opposing Indian chiefs are killed. Baron Dieskay is captured by the English, who dress his wounds and earn his life-long gratitude by their kindness. Nov 1755: US - For his success at Fort George, Col. Johnson is made a baronet, with a grant of 5,000 pounds.
41	1756	1756: Great Britain - Mayonnaise invented to commemorate a victory at the start of the Seven Years War, the successful seige of English-held St. Philip's Castle 1756: Europe - Britain, allied with Prussia, declares war against France and her allies, Austria and Russia. The Seven Years' War begins 1756: CA - France sends two battalions to Canada, with provisions, and 1,300,000 livres, in specie, which has the effect of depreciating the paper currency by 25 per cent. 1756: NL - De geboorte van Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mar 1756: CA/US - A Canadian force of 300 captures Fort Bull, between Schenectady and Oswego, and puts the garrison to the sword. May 1756: CA - Montcalm reaches Quebec with 1,400 soldiers. 20 Jun 1756: Calcutta, India - Mîrzâ Mohammad Sirâjud Dawla takes the city and English prisoners suffocate in Black Hole; Robert Clive brings 2000 sepoys (Indian soldiers) from Madras to avenge, retakes Calcutta 14 Aug 1756: CA/US - Though opposed to attacking any British fort, Montcalm, at the head of 3,100 regulars, Canadians and Indians, captures Fort Oswego, - a success attributable, mainly, to his intercepting a message to General Webb, commanding 2,000 men in the vicinity. Colonel Mercer is killed. The garrison (1,780) and about 100 women and children are taken prisoners.
42	1757	1757: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder becomes Prime Minister 1757: India - Robert Clive wins the Battle of Plassey and secures the Indian province of Bengal for Britain 1757: Great Britain - John Campbell invents the sextant. 17 Mar 1757: CA/US - In four nights 1,500 French Canadians and Indians destroy the out-works of Fort William-Henry. 30 Jul 1757: CA/US - Seven thousand men are collected to attack Fort William Henry. 9 Aug 1757: CA/US - Fort William Henry, garrisoned by 2,200, capitulates. Violating the terms of capitulation, Indians kill, or recature, many of the garrison, whereupon Montcalm exclaims: "Kill me, but spare the English who are under my protection."
43	1758	1758: Great Britain - Dolland invents the achromatic lens. 1758: Great Britain - Ribbing machine developed in England to make Jedediah Strutt stockings. 1758: NL - Strenge winters. Des voorjaars veel turfvervoer naar Duitsland. 8 Jul 1758: CA/US - General Abercrombie, with 15,390 men, attacks 3,600 French and Canadian troops entrenched and barricaded at Fort Ticonderoga. The British and Colonial forces are repulsed and lose 2,000 killed and wounded. 27 Jul 1758: CA/US - After a long siege, the British, under James Wolfe and Jeffrey Amherst, capture Louisbourg, defended by about 5,637. 25 Aug 1758: CA/US - Colonel Bradstreet, with nearly 3,000 men, mostly colonists, takes and burns Fort Frontenac (Kingston). 14 Sep 1758: CA/US - Major Grant, with 800 Highlanders and some Virginians, is defeated by French and Indians, from Fort Duquesne, under Aubry. 2 Oct 1758: CA - The Nova Scotia Provincial Parliament, Canada's oldest Legislative Assembly, first met on 2 October 1758 with 19 members 12 Oct 1758: CA/US - Charles Lawrence, Military Governor of Nova Scotia, issued a Proclamation that is published in the Boston Gazette, informing the people of New England that since the enemy which had formerly disturbed and harassed the province was no longer able to do so, the time had come to people and cultivate, not only the lands made vacant by the removal of the Acadians, but other parts of "this valuable province" as well. The Proclamation concluded with the words "I shall be ready to receive any proposals that may be hereafter made to me for effectually settling the vacated, or any other lands within the said province." 25 Nov 1758: CA/US - The French garrison of Fort Duquesne (500) set it on fire and abandoned it to General John Forbes. He renames it "Pittsburg," in honor of the Prime Minister of Great Britain, William Pitt the Elder.
44	1759	1759: Canada - Wolfe captures Quebec and expels the French 1759: Great Britain - Battle of Quiberon (Brest fleet) and Battle of Lagos (Toulon fleet), Admirals Sir Edward Hawke and Boscawen, respectively, victorious for Britain; Dakar captured 1759: British North America - Cherokee War: English Colonists vs Cherokee Indians 1759-1761. 22 May 1759: A British fleet approaches Quebec. 28 Jun 1759: CA - French fire ships, intended to burn the British fleet, at Quebec, are taken ashore by British sailors. 26 Jul 1759: CA/US - Carillon (Fort Ticonderoga) is abandoned by the French. 28 Jul 1759: CA - Another French fireship attack fails against the British. 31 Jul 1759: CA - British forces attempt to take French fortifications at Montmorency and fail bitterly. 8 Aug 1759: CA - British guns, on Point Levi, fire the lower town of Quebec. 13 Sep 1759: CA - James Wolfe lands a force at Fuller's Cove, between 1 and 2 in the morning. They climb to the Plains of Abraham. At 6 a.m., Marquis de Montcalm is informed that the British have accomplished what he deemed impossible; but discredits the report. With 4,500, he fights about an equal number; but his men cannot resist bayonets. Each leader receives a mortal wound. Wolfe asks an officer to support him so that his followers may not be discouraged by his fall. An historian says of Wolfe: "He crowded into a few hours actions that would have given lustre to length of life; and, filling his day with greatness, completed it before its noon." 14 Sep 1759: CA - Learning that he had but a few hours to live, Montcalm says: "So much the better; I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Turning to de Ramsay he says: "To your keeping I commend the honor of France; as for me, I shall pass the night with God and prepare myself for death." He dies in the Castle of St. Louis. 17 Sep 1759: CA - Capitulation of Quebec. 18 Sep 1759: CA - The British take possession of Quebec.
45	1760	1760: Great Britain - Death of George II 1760: Great Britain - George III, ruler of England to 1820. House of Hanover: Grandson of George II, married Charlotte of Mecklenburg. 1760: CA - Fortress Louisbourg demolished by the British. 1760: CA/US - Fall of Montreal and surrender of Great Lakes and Ohio Valley French forts to English. Lord Jeffrey Amherst starts a "get tough with Indians" policy, including the first biological warfare --smallpox-infested blankets. Amherst granted some Seneca (originally his allies) lands to his officers. Odawa chief Pontiac (and the Delaware Prophet) organize a resistance preaching return to traditional Indian customs. The 1761 draft Proclamation (to English governors), and the Royal Proclamation of 1763 (with a large Indian country in what's now the U.S. Great Lakes/Midwest) were part of the English Crown's attempt to mollify the Indians. Neither proclamation of undisturbed Indian lands was followed by settlers or the Crown. 20 Apr 1760: CA - Seven thousand French troops start the battle to recapture Quebec. 28 Apr 1760: CA - Murray's 7,714 troops retire to the Citadel, after fighting the Canadians outside the walls of Quebec. The French prepare to besiege the city. 15 May 1760: A Frigate and Two British war-ships arrive. The British win a naval battle near Quebec. 17 May 1760: CA - The French raise the siege of Quebec. 6 Sep 1760: CA - General Jeffrey Amherst invades Montreal. 7 Sep 1760: CA - A French council of war, at Montreal, favors capitulation. 8 Sep 1760: CA - Amherst's, Murray's, and Haviland's commands, around Montreal, are about 17,000. The articles of capitulation are agreeable to the French, except that they do not concede "all the honors of war" or "perpetual neutrality of Canadians." Nov 1760: CA - The British Conquest. General James Murray is appointed first British military governor of Quebec.
46	1761	1761: Great Britain - Laurence Sterne publishes the enigmatic Tristram Shandy 1761: Great Britain - Jonas Hanway and David Porter begin campaign on behalf of child chimney sweeps, achieve protective legislation in 1788 1761: Pondicherry, India - Pondicherry captured, French power destroyed 1761: Great Britain - William Pitt the elder resigns over King and advisors not permitting further conflict with France and ally Spain 1761: Great Britain - River power reaches saturation point, Duke of Bridgewater cuts Worsley Canal, thereby halving price of coal in Manchester 1761: Great Britain - Englishman John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude. 1761: Great Britain - Various municipalities secure Private Acts by which money can be raised ('rates') to pay for public improvements, such as paving and lighting in period to 1765 1761: CA - Canada under Martial law. 29 Jul 1761: CA - The British terms of peace are so hard that Choiseul declares: "I am as indifferent to peace as Pitt can be. I freely admit the King's desire for peace, and his Majesty may sign such a treaty, but my hand shall never be set to it." 6 Oct 1761: CA - King George III offers Pitt the governorship of Canada, with 5,000 pounds per annum, but, instead, makes his wife a peeress; and 13,000 pounds per annum is granted to the survivor of three of his family.
47	1762	1762: Great Britain - John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich, 'created' the Sandwich. This Englishman was said to have been fond of gambling and, during a 24 hour gambling streak, he instructed a cook to prepare his food in such a way that it would not interfere with his game. The cook presented him with sliced meat between two pieces of toast. Perfect! This meal required no utensils and could be eaten with one hand, leaving the other free to continue the game. 1762: Great Britain - The Earl of Bute is appointed Prime Minister. He becomes very unpopular and employs a bodyguard 1762: France - Académie Francaise recognises term millionaire 1762: Great Britain - Spain declares war on Britain; Britain gains West Indian islands from French, Cuba and Manila from Spanish 1762: NL - Grens tusschen Westerlee en Pekela geregeld 3 Nov 1762: EU - According to the preliminaries of peace, signed at Fontainebleau, England is to have, with certain West Indies, Florida, Louisiana, to the Mississippi River (without New Orleans), Canada, Acadia, Cape Breton Island and its dependencies, and the fisheries, subject to certain French interests. Spain is to have New Orleans and Louisiana, west of the Mississippi, with an undetermined Western boundary
48	1763	1763: Americas - Treaty of Paris returns Cuba and Manila to Spain, keeps Florida, recovers Minorca; returns West Indian islands and trading stations in India to French, keeps Canada 1763: CA - Pontiac's Rebellion threatens British control of the Great Lakes region. Ottawa Chief Pontiac (c. 1720-1769) leads an Indian uprising but the British defeat the Indians. 1763: US - Proclamation by King George III bans settlements west of the Appalachians and establishes a protected Indian Country there. White settlers ignore the boundary line - Indian raids in Pennsylvania lead to the Paxton Riots - Peaceful Conestoga Mission Indians are massacred by settlers. 1763: NL - De handel ligt bijna stil en er heerst een grote werkloosheid in ons land. 10 Feb 1763: EU - By the treaty of Paris, France cedes to Britain, Canada and all the Laurentian Islands, except St. Pierre and Miquelon. 11 Apr 1763: CA - Britain allows Canadians the free exercise of their religion. 7 Dec 1763: CA - Canadians are required to swear fealty.
49	1764	1764: Great Britain - James Hargreaves in England invents the spinning jenny which can produce 8 threads at one time. 1764: US - The Sugar Act and Stamp Act, by which Britain aims to recover revenue from the American colonies, arouses local opposition. 1764: CA - James Murray becomes civil governor of Quebec, but his attempts to appease French Canadians are disliked by British merchants. 1764: CA - Canada is divided into two chief judicial districts (Quebec and Montreal). Martial law, in Canada, terminates.
50	1765	1765: Great Britain - Rockingham ministry. The American Stamp Act raises taxes in the colonies in an attempt to make their defence self-financing 1765: Great Britain - Earliest known children's pop-up book 1765: France - The very first pâté de foie gras (goose liver paste) is said to have been created in Strasbourg by a Norman chef named Jean-Joseph Close. (Although the technique for producing foie gras goes back as far as the ancient Egyptians) 1765: Paris, France - M. Boulanger opens the first restaurant, by that name 1765: US - The Stamp Act increases discontent. A Stamp Act Congress meets to protest the Act. 1765: CA - Reserve system in Canada begins with the provision of a tract of land for the Maliseet tribe.
51	1766	1766: Great Britain - Chatham ministry. Repeal of the American Stamp Act 1766: Great Britain - Priestley discovers Law of Inverse Squares (electricity), Louis XV convulses with laughter when line of monks leap into air as electric shock is administered 1766: France - Louis, Marquis de Cussy was born. French gastronome, a friend of Grimod de la Reyniere, who stated that Cussy had invented 366 different ways to prepare chicken. Cussy wrote Les Classiques de la table. 18 Mar 1766: US - The Stamp Act is repealed.
52	1767	1767: Great Britain - John Wilkinson, ironmaster, produces railways for mines; Manchester and Liverpool joined by canal 1767: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water. 1767: CA - A second Fort Dauphin was built on the north shore of Lake Dauphin.
53	1768	1768: Great Britain - Grafton ministry. The Middlesex Election Crisis occurs. 1768: Great Britain - General election, reformer Wilkes elected as member for Middlesex amid scenes of jubilation; Royal Academy (painting) founded 1768: CA - Guy Carleton succeeds Murray as governor of Quebec.