Timeline: Cornelia Magdalena ZUURDEEG: The ZUURDEEG Family

1773 - 1857 (84 years)

	Date	Event(s)
1	1773	1773: British North America - Colonists protest at the East India Company's monopoly over tea exports to the colonies, at the so-called Boston Tea Party 1773: Coalbrookedale, England - The world's first Cast Iron bridge is constructed over the River Severn 1773: Great Britain - Benjamin Delessert was born. French industrialist who developed the first successful process to extract sugar from sugar beets. 1773: CA - Lord Dartmouth promises Canadians just and considerate treatment respecting their religion. Dec 1773: CA - Prominent French Canadians petition the King to restore their ancient laws and accord them the rights of British subjects, reminding him that five-sixths of the seigniories belong to Frenchmen. They represent that the Labrador Coast and fisheries, now alienated to Newfoundland, should revert to Canada. They prefer a Legislative Council, nominated by the King, because less expensive than an Elective Assembly. 16 Dec 1773: US - The Boston Tea Party protests the Tea Act
2	1774	1774: Great Britain - Franz Anton Mesmer began the psychotherapeutic practice of hypnotism, which he called 'animal magnetism' and conceived it to be an actual fluid. Apparently he had some success with psychosomatic illnesses. Part of his technique seems to have been used earlier by exorcists. 1774: Great Britain - Parliament passes the Coercive Acts in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party 1774: Great Britain - Joseph Priestley isolates oxygen 1774: Great Britain - Georges-Louis Le Sage patents the electric telegraph. 1774: US - Lord Dunmore's War fought in Virginia between settlers and Shawnees. 1774: CA - The Quebec Act ensures the loyalty of the seigneurs and the clergy to the new regime by guaranteeing the traditional language, civil law, and faith of the subjects. 1774: CA - Juan Perez ordered by Spain to explore west coast; discovers Prince of Wales Island, Dixon Sound. 4 Sep 1774: US - Delegates from twelve colonies discuss measures for common safety, at Philadelphia. Canada and Georgia are not represented, though invited. Vermont, not being organized, is not invited.
3	1775	1775: British North America - American War of Independence begins when colonists fight British troops at Lexington. 1775: Great Britain - Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet. 1775: Great Britain - Jacques Perrier invents a steamship. 1775: US - Daniel Boone leads party of settlers into Kentucky. 1775: CA - American troops capture Montreal, but, failing to take Quebec City or elicit local support, soon withdraw. 19 Apr 1775: US - The Revolutionary War begins, at Lexington. 1 May 1775: CA - A bust of George III is found, in Montreal, adorned with beads, cross, and mitre, with the words "Pope of Canada: Sot of England." A reward of 500 guineas does not lead to apprehension of the culprit. 10 May 1775: US - Ethan Allen takes Fort Ticonderoga. 9 Jun 1775: CA - Martial law is proclaimed in Canada. 21 Aug 1775: CA - Generals Schuyler and Richard Montgomery, with 1,000 Americans come to Canada, and invite the inhabitants to rebel. 17 Sep 1775: CA - Montgomery besieges St. Johns. 25 Sep 1775: CA - Attempting to take Montreal, Ethan Allan and many of his 150 followers are captured, at Longue Pointe, and are sent to England. 18 Oct 1775: CA - The Americans capture Chambly. 3 Nov 1775: CA - Hindered by Colonel Warner, of Vermont, Governor Guy Carleton cannot relieve St. Johns, which surrenders to Montgomery. 3 Nov 1775: CA - Invaders, under Benedict Arnold, reach the Chaudiere, almost perishing, after 52 days in the woods, from the Kennebec. 12 Nov 1775: CA - General Montgomery tells Montrealers that, being defenceless, they cannot stipulate terms; but promises to respect personal rights. He demands the keys of public stores, and appoints 9 a.m. tomorrow for the army's entrance, by the Recollet gate. On Nov. 13 they appropraite royal stores.
4	1776	1776: England - Common Sense published by Tom Paine 1776: Great Britain - Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations, advanced the idea that businesses survive through successful trading in pursuit of their self-interest, and that the resulting equilibrium was not by design. 1776: Great Britain - Wilkes introduces bill for universal male suffrage 1776: Great Britain - David Bushnell invents a submarine. 1776: Great Britain - Edward Gibbon authors Decline and Fall of Roman Empire in period to 1788 1776: CA/US - US Revolutionary war. United Empire Loyalists move to Upper Canada and settle (lumbering, farming starts). 1776: US - The eleventh Article of "Confederation and Perpetual Union" provides that: "Canada, according to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States, shall be admitted into, and entitled to, all the advantages of this Union; but no other Colony shall be admitted to the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States." 1776: CA - The Jesuits' College, at Quebec, converted into barracks. 1776: US - Common Sense by Thomas Paine (1737-1809) appears. 1776: NL - De armoede onder de bevolking is groot. In Nederland worden vele armenhuizen gesticht. 29 Apr 1776: CA/US - Benjamin Franklin, Samuel Chase and Rev. Charles Carroll, a Jesuit, urge Canadians to send delegates to Congress, promising toleration. Franklin brings a printer and press, for a newspaper, to mould public opinion. Canadians regard Franklin as an enemy, and the priests remind Father Carroll that, unlike some of the Provinces, Britain tolerates the Roman Catholic Church. 6 May 1776: CA - As a British fleet is in sight, the Continental Army, before Quebec, weakened by disease, retires from a superior enemy, who await reinforcements behind strong walls. 6 May 1776: CA - Under Guy Carleton, Quebec withstands an American siege until the appearance of a British fleet. Carleton is later knighted. 8 Jun 1776: US - Attempting to surprise Three Rivers, General Thompson, with 200 of 1,800 Americans, is taken prisoner. 16 Jun 1776: CA/US - Arnold's force has retreated from Montreal. 18 Jun 1776: CA - General Burgoyne finds that the Continental Army has evacuated St. Johns. 4 Jul 1776: USA - The American Congress passes their Declaration of Independence from Britain. 4 Jul 1776: US - The American colonies declare their independence. The United States Declaration of Independence is signed. 11 Oct 1776: US - The British are victorious on Lake Champlain. 13 Oct 1776: US - On Lake Champlain, Arnold runs part of his fleet ashore, to avoid capture.
5	1777	1777: Great Britain - Samuel Crompton in England invents the spinning mule capable of spinning cloth in great quantity. 1777: CA - Spinning mule invented to spin multiple strands of yarn. 4 Jul 1777: US - Near Fort Ticonderoga, General Burgoyne offers condonement if colonists lay down their arms. 16 Oct 1777: CA - General Burgoyne's Indian and French allies desert at the battle of Stillwater. 17 Oct 1777: CA - Though aware of approaching relief, Burgoyne, having promised to capitulate, and fearing annihilation by a threatened attack, signs the capitulation. During its first session the Canadian Council passes sixteen ordinances, adopts English Commercial law, and constitutes itself a Court of Appeal, with final resort to the Privy Council in England.
6	1778	1778: Great Britain - James Cook explores Hawaiian Islands. He fails to locate Northwest Passage from Alaskan side and is killed in Hawaii the following year 1778: Europe - Naval war with France, Spain and Holland ally with France during period to 1783 1778: US - First treaty between the United States and an Indian nation is negotiated with the Delaware; they are offered the prospect of statehood 1778: US - British and Iroquois forces attack and massacre American settlers in western New York and Pennsylvania. 1778: US - The American colonies ally with France. The English overrun the southern states, but are weakened by a French blockade of shipping. 29 Mar 1778: CA - British Captain James Cook explores Alaskan coast, seeking Northwest Passage back to the Atlantic. On the last of three voyages to the west coast, he travels as far north as the Bering Strait and claims Nootka Sound, Vancouver Island for the British. While there, he trades for sea otter pelts.
7	1779	1779: Great Britain - The rise of Wyvill's Christopher Wyvill's radical Yorkshire Association Movement 1779: CA - At a Parliamentary investigation, General Burgoyne charges failure to the Canadian forces and to St. Luc, commander of the Indians. 1779: US - A retaliatory U.S. campaign destroys Indian towns and crops, breaking the Iroquois League's power. 1779: US - The American colonies ally with Spain. 1779: US - James Cook killed by Hawaiian natives, cutting short his search for Northwest Passage.
8	1780	1780: Great Britain - The Gordon Riots develop from a procession to petition parliament against the Catholic Relief Act (1778) 1780: Southampton, England - Gervinus invents the circular saw. 1780: Great Britain - Country banks rise in number from less than 300 to over 700 in period to 1815 1780: Great Britain - The Bowler Hat appears in England. 1780: CA/US - Quakers begin the Underground Railroad to smuggle slaves to freedom in Canada. 1780: NL - De Vierde Engelse Zeeoorlog.
9	1781	1781: Great Britain - Frederick William Herschel discovered the planet Uranus by its movement, although at the time he supposed it to be a comet 1781: Great Britain - Matthew Boulton and James Watt produce an improved steam engine with rotary motion achieving significant impact - it means that manufacturers are no longer restricted to site with natural power (i.e., water, wood for charcoal) 1781: US - American independence is assured by the British surrender at Yorktown. Gen. George Washington leads the Colonial army against the British. 1781: US - By the Articles of Confederation, Congress controls the western lands. 1781: NL - William Herschel ontdekt de planeet Uranus. 2 Feb 1781: CA/US - Ethan Allen receives a further proposal from Col. Robinson; but sends both to Congress, with a request for the recognition of Vermont. Premising loyalty to Congress, he maintains that Vermont may properly treat with Great Britain, to prevent being subjected to another State, by the authority of a Government which Vermonters have helped to establish. Apr 1781: Col. Ira Allen is sent to Canada to arrange an exchange of prisoners. 1 May 1781: CA/US - Receiving proposals for Vermont's independnece, Col. Ira Allen temporizes to prevent invasion and enable the farmers to sow seed for another crop. 20 Aug 1781: CA/US - As a condition of Vermont's admission to the Union, Congress fixes boundaries which offend both Vermont and New York. Sep 1781: US - British proposals to Vermont include a Legislature of two branches. 17 Oct 1781: USA - The Americans obtain a great victory of British troops at the Siege of Yorktown 19 Oct 1781: US - Vermont declines Congress' terms. 14 Nov 1781: US - Governor Chittenden answers General Washington that, notwithstanding Vermont's interest in the common cause, the people would rather join British Canadians than be subject to New York. 18 Dec 1781: US - Troops sent from New York, to coerce New Hampshire grantees, learn that they will defend their rights.
10	1782	1782: Ireland - Ireland obtains short-lived parliament 1782: US - A smallpox epidemic hits the Sanpoil of Washington. 1782: CA - In the course of this year John Molson, the future pioneer of Canadian steam navigation, arrives in Canada 1782: CA - Councillor Finlay proposes to establish English schools in Canadian parishes, and to prohibit using the French language in the Law Courts after a certain time. 1 Jan 1782: US - Threatened by three hostile forces, Vermont is advised by Gen. George Washington, a skilled surveyor, to limit jurisdiction to undisputed territory. 22 Feb 1782: US - Vermont accepts the prescribed delimination. 1 Mar 1782: US - It is proposed, in Congress, to treat Vermont as hostile, failing submission to the terms of 20th August, 1781, and to divide it between New York and New Hampshire, along the ridge of the Green Mountains; and that the Commander-in-chief employ the Congressional forces to further this resolution. 22 Mar 1782: Great Britain - Lord North's government collapses
11	1783	1783: Great Britain - Joseph Michel and Jacques Étienne Montgolfier invented the first practical hot air balloon. 1783: Great Britain - Fox-North coalition established 1783: Great Britain - Britain recognises American independence at the Treaty of Paris. 1783: Ireland - Act of Renunciation gives Ireland rights in legislation and judication 1783: Great Britain - William Pitt the Younger becomes Prime Minister, simplifies taxes and customs duties, tries to pacify Ireland, abolish slave-trading and laws preventing Catholics holding office; returns Florida and Minorca to Spain and Senegal to France 1783: Great Britain - Englishman Henry Cort invents the Rolling Mill for steel production. 1783: Great Britain - Sébastien Lenormand demonstrates the first parachute. 1783: Great Britain - Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock. 1783: US - American independence is formally recognized at the Treaty of Paris. 1783: CA/US/UK - The success of the rebellious 13 American colonies leaves the British with the poorest remnants of their New World empire and the determination to prevent a second revolution. However, they have to accommodate the roughly 50,000 refugees from the American Revolution who settle in Nova Scotia and the upper St. Lawrence. These United Empire Loyalists soon begin to agitate for the political and property rights they had previously enjoyed in the thirteen colonies. 1783: CA/US - Treaty of Paris gives Americans fishing rights off Newfoundland, but not to dry or cure fish on land. 1783: CA - More than 5,000 Blacks leave the United States to live in the Maritimes, Quebec and Ontario. Having sided with the British during the American War of Independence, they come to Canada as United Empire Loyalists, some as free men and some as slaves. Although promised land by the British, they receive only varying amounts of poor-quality land, and, in fact, some receive none at all. 1783: CA - In Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Rose Fortune becomes Canada's first policewoman. 1783: CA/US - The border between Canada and the U.S. is accepted from the Atlantic Ocean to Lake of the Woods. 1783: CA - In the area around the mouth of the St. John River, those who fled the thirteen American colonies by 1783 are called United Empire Loyalists. Those who arrive after 1783 are called Late Loyalists. 1783: CA - Pennsylvania Germans begin moving into southwestern Ontario. 1783: US - Vermont delays entering the Union, because Congress is partial to New York, and because of the General Government's indebtedness, for which Vermont is not bound. 20 Jan 1783: US/UK - Preliminaries of peace are signed between Great Britain and the United States. 2 Apr 1783: Great Britain - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime minister (Whig)
12	1784	1784: Great Britain - First edition of The Times newspaper 1784: Great Britain - Introduction of mail coach 1784: Great Britain - Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine. 1784: Great Britain - Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock. 1784: USA - Benjamin Franklin develops bifocal eyeglasses. 1784: UK - James Cook's journal of his last voyage published in London 1784: CA - In response to Loyalist demands, the Crown creates New Brunswick out of Nova Scotia. 1784: NL - De Staten-Generaal verbiedt het dragen van oranje.
13	1785	1785: Great Britain - William Pitt's motion for Parliamentary Reform is defeated 1785: Great Britain - Charles-Augustin de Coulomb invents the torsion balance. 1785: Great Britain - Blanchard invents a working parachute. 1785: Great Britain - Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom. 1785: France - Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching. 1785: Scotland - Glasgow triples in size, has 54 cotton mills in full work during period to 1818 1785: USA - Oliver Evans of Newport, Delaware invented the automatic flour-milling machinery that revolutionized the industry. 1785: UK - Introduction of Power loom in England for weaving cloth 1785: CA - The city of Saint John, New Brunswick is incorporated. Fredericton opens a Provincial Academy of Arts and Sciences, the germ of the University of New Brunswick (1859). 1785: CA - New Brunswick is separated from Nova Scotia 1785: CA - Du Calvet proposes Canadian representation in the British Parliament, three members, each, for the Districts of Quebec and Montreal. 1785: CA - To a proposed Elective Legislature, it is objected that French Canadians do not wish to change their customary laws, and that there are not enough fit men to compose a Legislature. 1785: CA - Isaac Brock takes command of the 49th Foot, which would be the backbone of the British Empire forces in Canada during the War of 1812.
14	1786	1786: Great Britain - The Eden commercial treaty with France is drawn up 1786: Pennsylvania, USA - John Fitch invents a steamboat. 1786: CA - New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland allowed to import goods from the United States. 1786: CA - John Molson founds his first brewery in Montreal.
15	1787	1787: Windsor, Great Britain - In Windsor Great Park, King George III alights from carriage and addresses oak tree as King of Prussia, but eventually recovers from this attack of dementia; first colonies in Australia, first iron boat launched 1787: CA - Prince William Henry (future William IV) lands at Quebec. 1787: CA - The Toronto Purchase was an agreement between the British crown and the Mississaugas of New Credit in 1787. The Mississaugas of New Credit exchanged for 250,808 acres (101,528 hectares) of land in Toronto for 149 barrels of goods and a small amount of cash. A revision of the deal was made in 1805. The land sold consists of: former city of Etobicoke, Ontario former city of North York, Ontario former city of Toronto, Ontario west end of the former city of Scarborough, Ontario former city of York, Ontario former city of East York, Ontario City of Vaughan, Ontario King Township Western end of Markham, Ontario (or Thornhill, Ontario) Western end of Whitchurch
16	1788	1788: Great Britain - Time to travel from London to Manchester reduced from 4.5 days to 28 hours 1788: CA - Attorney-General Monk and Solicitor-General Williams are of opinion that, as the Jesuits have no civil existence as a Canadian corporation, their estates accrue to the Crown. 1788: CA - Ontario is divided into five districts, under English law. 22 Jan 1788: Great Britain - Birth of Lord Byron (died 1824)
17	1789	1789: France - French Revolution, Louis XVI, many aristocrats and others executed, France declares war on European monarchies 1789: France - The guillotine is invented. 1789: Great Britain - The French Revolution sounded the death knoll toward elaborate and affected dress and hairdos. The powdered wig and towering women's hair styles passed from fashion. Simpler, more practical clothes emerged. Boys wore the skeleton suit, often with a comfortable open collar, and by the end of the century with plebian long trousers. 1789: USA - Thomas Jefferson brought a pasta making machine back with him when he returned to America after serving as ambassador to France. 1789: Switzerland - Dr. Pierre Ordinaire creates an absinthe elixir 1789: For the next 4 years, Alexander Mackenzie of Canada, seeking northern river route to the Pacific, travels to the Arctic Ocean; on second journey he crosses continent by land, making contact with many tribes. 1789: FR - The French Revolution begins 1789: CA - Lord Grenville proposes that lands in Upper Canada be held in free and common soccage, and that the tenure of Lower Canadian lands be optional with the inhabitants. 1789: NL - George Washington wordt de eerste President van de Verenigde Staten van Amerika. 1789: NL - Bestorming van de Bastille en het begin van de Franse Revolutie. 30 Apr 1789: USA - George Washington first president of the United States 1789-1797.
18	1790	1790: Great Britain - Edmund Burke publishes his Reflections on the Revolution in France 1790: Great Britain - Lower-class radicalism increases, Habeas Corpus Act temporarily suspended 1790: USA - The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton. 1790: USA - Samuel Slater opens the first U.S. cotton mill in Rhode Island. Thomas Saint in England invents the first cloth-stitching machine. 1790: Great Britain - Marie, Vicomte de Botherel, born. He installed kitchens on buses in Paris suburbs in 1839, the first restaurant cars. 1790: Great Britain - Marie Harel is said to have developed Camembert cheese in Normandy. 1790: CA - British Captain George Vancouver begins his three-year survey of northwest coast of North America 1790: CA - Spain signs the Nootka Convention, ceding the Pacific Northwest to England and the United States. 7 Oct 1790: US - New York consents to Vermont's admission to the Union, with cessation of New York's jurisdiction, in the disputed territory.
19	1791	1791: Great Britain - The Celerifere, an early version of the bicycle, was built by Comte Mede de Sivrac. It was basically a scooter with a high seat 1791: Great Britain - James Boswell publishes his Life of Johnson and Thomas Paine, his Rights of Man 1791: Great Britain - John Barber invents the gas turbine. 1791: CA - The Province of Lower Canada was created by the Constitutional Act of 1791 from the partition of the British colony of the Province of Quebec (1763-1791) into the Province of Lower Canada and the Province of Upper Canada. Lower Canada consisted of part of former French colony of New France, populated mainly by French Canadians, which was ceded to Great Britain after that empire's victory in the Seven Years' War 1791: CA - Edmund Burke supports the proposed constitution for Canada, saying that: "To attempt to amalgamate two populations, composed of races of men diverse in language, laws and habitudes, is a complete absurdity. Let the proposed constitution be founded on man's nature, the only solid basis for an enduring government. 1791: CA - Fox declares that England can retain Canada "through the good will of the Canadians, alone." 1791: CA - Lord Grenville, denying that Canadian attachment to French jurisprudence is due to prejudice, says it is founded "on the noblest sentiments of the human breast." 1791: CA/US - George Vancouver leaves England to explore the west coast; Alejandro Malaspina also explores the northwest coast for Spain. 1791: CA - In response to Loyalist demands, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divides Quebec into Lower Canada (mostly French) and Upper Canada (mostly English who recently migrated from America). In so doing, the Crown hopes to create a stable society that is distinctly non-American. Although French-Canadians retain the privileges granted by the Quebec Act, the Anglican church receives preferred status, including the clergy reserves. An Anglo-French colonial aristocracy of rich merchants, leading officials, and landholders is expected to work with the royal governors to ensure proper order. Legislative assemblies, although elected by propertied voters, have little real power. 1791: CA - Population of Lower Canada is 160,000. Population of Upper Canada is 14,000.
20	1792	1792: Italy - Volta discovered he could arrange metals in a series in such a way that chemical energy is converted into electrical energy; that is, two dissimilar metals are submerged in an electrolyte and connected by an circuit and thereby exchange electrons. By 1800, he had invented the so-called voltaic cell, a pile of such metals 'consisting of pairs of silver and zinc disks separated by pieces of moist cardboard' 1792: Great Britain - Coal gas is used for lighting for the first time. Mary Wollstonecraft publishes her Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792: Great Britain - Cartwright invents steam-powered weaving loom 1792: Great Britain - The first ambulance. 1792: CA - A large number of the Black Loyalists in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia migrate to Sierra Leone in West Africa, mainly because the promises of land in Canada were not kept by the British. 7 May 1792: CA - Lower Canada is divided into 21 counties. 15 Oct 1792: CA - The law of England is introduced in Upper Canada. Dec 1792: CA - A bill to abolish slavery, in Lower Canada, does not pass. 20 Dec 1792: CA - A fortnightly mail is established between Canada and the United States.
21	1793	1793: Great Britain - Economic depression 1793: Great Britain - Speculative 'Canal Bubble' bursts 1793: Great Britain - Board of Agriculture formed to popularise new methods and machinery 1793: Great Britain - Britain becomes foremost world trader during period to 1815 1793: Great Britain - Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin which efficiently separates cotton fibers from the seeds, allowing one person to do a job once done by 50 people. This profoundly changes the economics of raising cotton, revitalizing slavery in the American South. 1793: CA - Merchant vessels first navigate Lake Ontario. 1 Feb 1793: Great Britain - France declares war on Britain 9 Jul 1793: CA - Act Against Slavery passed into law, making Upper Canada the first British territory to bring in legislation against slavery, although it does not abolish slavery entirely.
22	1794	1794: Great Britain - Erasmus Darwin, Charles' grandfather, proposed that 'warm-blooded animals have arisen from one living filament...possessing the faculty of continuing to improve by its own inherent activity, and of delivering those improvements by generation to its posterity.' 1794: Great Britain - Metric system introduced in France 1794: Great Britain - More lower-class radicalism, Habeas Corpus suspended again, instigators charged with treason, in Scotland found guilty and transported 1794: Great Britain - Welshman Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings. 1794: Great Britain - Total of 40,000 British troops die in West Indies in war with France over two year period 1794: CA/US - Jay Treaty establishes neutral commission to settle border disputes between United States and Canada; restores trade between the United States and British colonies of Canada; also guarantees Indians free movement across the border. 1 Jun 1794: Great Britain - Howe defeats French fleet at Ushant
23	1795	1795: Great Britain - The 'Speenhamland' system of outdoor relief is adopted, making wages up to equal the cost of subsistence 1795: Ireland - Near-civil war between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland, erupts in 1798, takes nearly a year to suppress 1795: Great Britain - New Treason and Sedition Act passed 1795: Great Britain - Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food. 1795: CA - British create protective tariffs to encourage timber production for Navy after Napoléon Bonaparte cuts off Baltic supply of tall trees and hardwood. First in New Brunswick then in Lower and Upper Canada. Montreal merchants expand transport to handle trade. 1795: CA - A road Act is passed, in Lower Canada, though opposed by country people, who fear a return of the Statue labor of Governor Haldimand's time. 1795: CA - A Canadian regiment is raised, but is disbanded, owing to Britain's unfavorable experience of training colonists to the use of arms. 1795: NL - De periode 1795-1814 wordt gekenmerkt door grote armoede, zelfs voor de hoge stand. 1795: NL - Utrecht wordt bezet door het Franse leger. Willem V vlucht naar Engeland.
24	1796	1796: Great Britain - Edward Jenner investigated the folk tale that milk maids were immune to small pox, the virus variola major, and in a brief series of experiments confirmed that exposure to cow pox, the virus vaccinia, rendered immunity 1796: Italy - General Napoleon Bonaparte appears on scene, attacks Austrian armies 1796: Ceylon - British conquer Ceylon 1796: CA - About 600 Blacks from Jamaica are deported to Nova Scotia. Known as Maroons, they help rebuild the Halifax Citadel. In 1800, most of them leave for Sierra Leone, Africa. 1796: CA - York becomes the capital of Upper Canada.
25	1797	1797: Europe - All Europe makes peace with France save Britain, sea battle off Cape St. Vincent (off Spanish coast), Jervis and Nelson (then Captain) utterly defeat big French and Spanish fleet 1797: Great Britain - Royal Navy sailors at Spithead and the Nore mutiny over deplorable conditions 1797: USA - John Adams president of the USA 1797-1801. 1797: Great Britain - A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe. 1797: Great Britain - Wittemore patents a carding machine. 1797: Great Britain - John Hetherington in London develops the top hat. 1797: Great Britain - Major Dubied purchased the formula for an 'absinthe elixir' and together with his son, Henri-Louis Pernod sets up an absinthe factory in Switzerland. 1797: NL - Kollumer Oproer. In de Franse tijd stonden Patriotten en Prinsgezinden soms fel tegen over elkaar. Dat was ook al zo voordat de Fransen ons land introkken. In het jaar 1797 bleek, dat de Oranjeliefde nog sterk leefde onder het gewone volk. Het kwam tot een uitbarsting, die bekend staat als het Kollumer Oproer. In de gemeente Kollumerland ontstonden onregelmatigheden. Op woensdag 18 januari 1797 werden de bewoners van Kollumerzwaag opgeroepen om na te gaan wie van hen geschikt waren voor de "burgerwapening". En op zaterdag 28 januari werd de bevolking van Burum opgeroepen. Onder hen was ook ene Abele Reitzes, de zoon van de weduwe van Reitze Abels. Toen Abele uit Kollum terug kwam, riep hij "Oranje Boven". Daarop werd hij in de nacht van 2 op 3 februari gevangen genomen. Eerst werd hij vastgezet in het Rechthuis te Kollum met het doel hem later over te brengen naar het blokhuis te Leeuwarden. De arrestatie van Abele was de druppel die de emmer deed overlopen. Uit het westen van de gemeente kwamen velen naar Kollum om Abele te bevrijden. Onderweg naar Kollum werden al enige huizen in brand gestoken. De mannen waren bewapend met zeisen, snoeimessen, sikkels, en alles wat maar kon dienen om de tegenstanders schrik aan te jagen. De kamer van de secretaris werd bezet. De secretaris werd gedwongen een verklaring te tekenen dat niemand deze daad met enig leed zou moeten betalen. Ook werd Abele Reitzes onder dwang vrij gelaten. Ondertussen werd echter het gezag in Leeuwarden gewaarschuwd. Er werd versterking gestuurd en een aantal oproerkraaiers werd gevangen gezet in de kerk, waaronder Jan Binnes van Oudwoude. De volgende dag kwamen aanhangers van deze Jan Binnes weer in grote getale naar Kollum. Aangevuld met mensen uit de Dongeradelen en Burum werden de troepen van de patriotten uit Kollum verdreven. Een detachement ruiters met friese paarden en twee veldstukken werd naar Kollum en omgeving gestuurd en de rust keerde weer. De volgende dagen werden in geheel noord en noordoost-friesland rebellen gevangen genomen. Er werden zware straffen opgelegd aan 168 gevangen genomen Prinsgezinden. Jan Binnes en (later) Salomon Levy werden ter dood gebracht, terwijl anderen hoge boetes kregen opgelegd. 18 Jan 1797: CA - A weekly mail is established between Canada and the United States. This notice appears in the Quebec Gazette: "A mail for the upper counties, comprehending Niagara and Detroit, will be closed, at this office, on Monday, 30th instant, at four o'clock in the evening, to be forwarded, from Montreal, by the annual winter express, on Thursday, 2nd February next."
26	1798	1798: Great Britain - Thomas Robert Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, contended that population increses by a geometric ratio whereas the means of subsistence increase by an arithmetic ratio. 1798: Great Britain - Introduction of An income tax of ten percent on incomes over £200. 1798: Egypt - Battle of the Nile, Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet smashed 1798: Ireland - Catholic uprising 1798: Great Britain - Wordsworth and Coleridge publish Lyrical Ballads 1798: Great Britain - Franco-American Naval War: United States vs France 1798-1800. 1798: Great Britain - Aloys Senefelder invents lithography. 1798: Great Britain - The first soft drink id invented. 1798: UK/FR - Napoleon invades Egypt. Horatio Nelson and British Navy defeat French at Battle of the Nile. 1798: CA/US - Indian chiefs, in Canada, claim from Vermont an equivalent of the greater part of Addison, Chittenden, Franklin and Grand Isle counties. They get their expenses to and fro. 1798: NL - Twee staatsgrepen in één jaar.
27	1799	1799: Great Britain - Trade Unions are suppressed. Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: France - Napoleon is appointed First Consul in France 1799: Great Britain - Three-year commercial boom in Britain begins 1799: France - Napoleon becomes President of France; amendments to Treason and Sedition Act 1799: Great Britain - Alessandro Volta invents the battery. 1799: Great Britain - Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. 1799: Great Britain - Deaths among women 1 in 913, children 1 in 115. For the first time London birth rate passes death rate, continues until introduction of water closet deposits effluence in Thames (source of potable water) and typhoid returns 1799: Great Britain - Eliza Acton Born. She wrote the first cookbook for the housewife, rather than for the professional chef. 1799: France - Joseph-Louis Proust, a French chemist, extracted sugar from grapes, and proved it identical to sugar extracted from honey. 1799: CA - Handsome Lake, a Seneca chief, founds the Longhouse religion 1799: CA/US - American competition for West Indies trade kills Liverpool, Nova Scotia's merchant fleet. 1799: CA/US - Vermont answers Indian chiefs, in Canada, that their claims were extinguished by treaties of 1763 and 1783 between France, Great Britain and the United States. 1799: NL - Op 31 december wordt de VOC formeel ontbonden.
28	1800	1800: UK - Act of Union with Ireland unites Parliaments of England and Ireland 1800: UK - Battle of Copenhagen, Napoleon's Danish fleet decimated 1800: Ireland - After Catholic rebellion in Ireland Pitt proposes one Parliament for both countries, but King George refuses, Pitt resigns; Sir Joseph Banks introduces voltaic battery 1800: UK - Sir Joseph Banks introduces voltaic battery 1800: UK - Robert Owen buys mills at New Lanark, turns into successful humane model 1800: France - Frenchman J.M. Jacquard invents the Jacquard Loom. 1800: UK - Over 20 miles of railway tracks laid 1800: UK - Over a ten year period, 30 acres of new docks are built in London, which becomes the greatest port in the world 1800: UK - Over the coming century, approx. 1 million people emigrate from Britain. 50,000 are prisoners transported to Maryland or Botany Bay 1800: USA - William Young in Philadelphia offers shoes made for the left and the right foot. 1800: FR/SP - Spain cedes Louisiana back to France.
29	1801	1801: UK - The first British Census is undertaken 1801: UK - Population of England and Wales now 10 million, Great Britain estimated at 11 million, biggest increases in North and West Midlands, London now 1 million plus, Manchester 137,201, Glasgow and Edinburgh 100,000 plus, England has 8 towns larger than 50,000, 6 of them in the North; Lord Dundas travels on Scottish canal in small steamboat - beginning of steamboat travel 1801: UK - Tripolitan War 1801-1805. Barbary Wars: also fought in 1815. United States vs Morocco, Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli 1801-1805. 1801: USA - Thomas Jefferson president of the USA 1801-1809.
30	1802	1802: UK - Peace with France is established. Peel introduces the first factory legislation 1802: UK - Ineffective Treaty of Amiens signed with French 1802: CA - First Nations massacre Russians at Old Sitka; only a few survive. 1802: CA - Saint Mary's University is founded at Halifax.
31	1803	1803: UK - Beginning of the Napoleonic Wars. Britain declares war on France. Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land 1803: UK - Parliament passes the General Enclosure Act, simplifying the process of enclosing common land 1803: UK - Threat of French invasion causes flood of volunteers, army of half a million fielded during period to 1805 1803: US - Thomas Jefferson completes Louisiana Purchase extending U.S. control west of the Mississippi River; federal plans to resettle Eastern tribes beyond the Mississippi soon begin. 1803: US - John Colter becomes the fourth man selected by William Clark to join the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 1803: NL - Oorlog tussen Frankrijk en Engeland. De Engelsen veroveren de Nederlandse koloniën.
32	1804	1804: France - Napoleon crowned Emperor of France 1804: UK - John Dalton establishes atomic theory 1804: UK - Richard Trevithick, an English mining engineer, developed the first steam-powered locomotive. 1804: UK - Freidrich Winzer (Winsor) was the first person to patent gas lighting. 1804: US - Lewis and Clark start up the Missouri River. 1804: CA/US - 1,400 American ships are fishing off Labrador and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 1804: CA - Locks are placed at Coteau, the Cascades and at Long Sault.
33	1805	1805: UK - Ludolf Christian Treviranus said that spermatozoa were analogous to pollen 1805: UK/FR - Admiral Horatio Nelson defeats French at Battle of Trafalgar. 1805: US - Lewis and Clark reach the Pacific Ocean. 1805: CA/US - Vermont passes an act to establish the line between that State and Canada 1805: NL - Rutger Jan Schimmelpenninck raadpensionaris. 21 Oct 1805: UK - Battle of Trafalgar, Admiral Horatio Lord Nelson trounces French and Spanish fleets for Britain, is mortally wounded; John Wilkinson expires, buried in iron coffin
34	1806	1806: Africa - Cape Colony passes under British control 1806: UK - Louis Nicolas Vauquelin and Pierre Jean Robiquet isolated the first amino acid, asparagine' from asparagus. 1806: UK - Sir Humphry Davy discovers sodium, magnesium, potassium, many other metals, and chlorine 1806: CA - Minor trouble arises after 1806 when a governor attempts to anglicize Lower Canada, but he is able to quell dissent if not to achieve his goal. 1806: US - On return trip John Colter is released from the Lewis and Clark Expedition to join Forrest Hancock and Joseph Dickson (Dixon) to trap the Yellowstone River. 1806: CA - Le Canadien, a Quebec nationalist newspaper, is founded. 1806: NL - Het 3 Guldenmuntstuk wordt vervangen door de rijksdaalder. 1806: NL - Willem V overlijdt in Brunswijk. Lodewijk Napoleon koning van Holland. 23 Jan 1806: UK - Death of Pitt the Younger
35	1807	1807: UK - Trading in slaves made illegal in England by work of Wilberforce 1807: UK - William Bentinck, Duke of Portland Prime Minister to 1809 (Whig) 1807: USA - Robert Fulton ushered in the era of self-propelled ships with his construction of a commercially viable paddle-wheel steamboat 1807: UK - The slave trade is abolished in the British Empire, although slavery continues in the colonies. 1807: US - The British ship Leopard searches the U.S. Chesapeake for deserters, kills some of the crew and takes Radford, who is hanged. Pending satisfaction, the United States close their ports to British ships, though reparation is tendered. 1807: US/UK - Thomas Jefferson signs bill banning all foreign trade following British attacks on American shipping. 1807: NL - De ontploffing van het kruitschip in Leiden.
36	1808	1808: Peninsular War to drive the French out of Spain (until 1814) 1808: Portugal - Battle of Vimeiro is a British victory; British casualties less than 40,000 dead 1808: CA - The Upper Canada Militia Act 1808 states that all males between ages of sixteen and sixty are required to enroll as militiamen and are to be called out once a year for exercises 1808: NL - Oude Pekela heeft 3371 inwoners, Nieuwe Pekela heeft 3299 inwoners.
37	1809	1809: UK - Two-year commercial boom in Britain 1809: USA - James Madison president of the USA 1809-1817. 1809: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the first electric light - the first arc lamp. 1809: UK - Grain famine each of the years to 1812 1809: US - Tecumseh, Shawnee chief, and the Prophet campaign to unite tribes of the Great Lakes, Ohio Valley, and Southeast against the United States. His brother Tenskwatawa, the Shawnee Prophet, is defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. 1809: US - For the next 24 years, Sequoyah single-handedly creates a Cherokee syllabic alphabet so that his people's language can be written. 1809: US - American President James Madison reinstates the embargo on British trade. 3 Nov 1809: CA - John Molson's steam-boat Accommodation starts for Quebec City. It is 85 feet over all, has a 6 horse-power engine, makes the distance in 36 hours, but stops at night and reaches Quebec on November 6. The Accommodation is the second steam-boat in America and, probably, in the world.
38	1810	1810: UK - Final illness of George III begins 1810: Germany - Frederick Koenig invents an improved printing press. 1810: UK - Over the next decade the death rate in England and Wales reaches 21.1 in 1000 1810: US - War Hawks advocate war with Britain, which has been harassing American shipping. 1810: NL - Het Koninkrijk Holland wordt bij Frankrijk ingelijfd. Mar 1810: CA - Le Canadien of Quebec is suppressed, for "seditious utterances." Soldiers, led by a magistrate, seize the plant and apprehend the printer. Warrants to arrest Bedard, Taschereau, Papineau, Viger and others are issued. The Governor asks: "During the fifty years you have been under British rule, has one act of oppression, one instance of arbitrary imprisonment, of violation of property, or of the rights of conscience ever occurred?" 26 Nov 1810: CA - John Molson asks the exclusive right to construct and navigate steam-boats, on the St. Lawrence, for 15 years.
39	1811	1811: UK - Depression caused by Orders of Council. 1811: UK - George III's illness leads to his son, the Prince of Wales, becoming Regent 1811: UK - Ned Ludd leads rioters who smash machinery, burn factories, followers known as Luddites 1811: UK - Birth rate falls all over England during the next 20 years 1811: US - Buildup to war. President James Madison, in his message to Congress, says: "We have seen the British Cabinet not only persist, in refusing satisfaction demanded for the wrongs we have already suffered, but it is extending to our own waters that blockade, which is become a virtual war against us, through a stoppage of our legitimate commerce." 1811: NL - De Engelsen veroveren Java als laatste kolonie van Holland. 1811: NL - Invoering van de burgerlijke stand en kadaster.
40	1812	1812: France - Georges Cuvier, in Discours sur les révolutions de la surface du globe, maintained the stratigraphic succession proved that fossils occur in the chronological order of creation: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals. 1812: UK - Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated in the House of Commons by a disgruntled bankrupt 1812: Russia - Napoleon attacks Russia, defeated 1812: London, UK - Cylinder Printing press invented and adopted by The Times 1812: USA - War of 1812: United States vs Great Britain 1812-1815. 1812: US/UK/FR - The Americans gain several victories, on the water, as Napoleon engages the British attention. 1812: CA/US - The United States calls out 175,000 men, Canada 2,000. 1812: NL - Tocht naar Rusland. 18 Jun 1812: CA/US/UK - The U.S. declares war on Britain, beginning the War of 1812. There are but 4,000 British troops in Canada. Sir George Prevost is Governor. Four Canadian battalions are assembled, and the Citadel at Quebec is guarded by the inhabitants. 11 Jul 1812: CA/US - Americans under General William Hull invade Canada from Detroit. 16 Aug 1812: CA/US - Sir Isaac Brock with a force of 1,350, nearly half Indians, takes Detroit. He paroles many of Hull's 2,000. 20 Aug 1812: CA - Launch of John Molson's second steamboat, the Swiftsure, at Montreal. Oct 1812: CA/US - Almost half of Vermont's Legislators regard war as needless and impolitic; but Vermont imposes a penalty of $1,000 for every unauthorized communication with Canadians. 13 Oct 1812: CA/US - Stephen Van Rensselaer's command is repulsed, on Queenston Heights by Gen. Sheaffe and Governor Brock, who is killed. Of the 10,000 under Van Rensselaer, many were unwilling to invade, though willing to defend the United States. 13 Oct 1812: CA/US - Fighting on the same side as British militia and Mohawk Indians, a group of black soldiers helps force American invaders to retreat in the Battle of Queenston Heights. 25 Oct 1812: CA/US - Battle at St. Regis. 20 Nov 1812: CA/US - Henry Dearborn's command cross the Lacolle. Charles de Salaberry eludes them, and, in the haze, U.S. troops fire upon each other.
41	1813	1813: UK - Canned food was invented for the British Navy by Peter Durand. The cans were made of solid iron and usually weighed more than the food inside them 1813: UK - Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice is published. 1813: India - The monopolies of the East India Company are abolished 1813: Portugal - British victory at Battle of Vittorio 1813: UK - 2300 power looms in use, by 1833 - 100,000 1813: USA - Creek War: United States vs Creek Indians 1813-1814. 1813: CA - Quebec City has a shipping year involving 198 vessels, of 46,514 tons. 1813: NL - De Fransen verlaten ons land. Koning Willem I aanvaardt de soevereiniteit als constitutioneel vorst. 22 Jan 1813: CA/US - General Henry Proctor's 1,300 British and Indians capture 495 U.S. troops, under General Winchester. 7 Feb 1813: CA/US - Battle of Elizabethtown. 27 Apr 1813: CA/US - Battle of York: The Americans, under Henry Dearborn, take York, but the explosion of a magazine kills many of them. Americans burn York. 5 May 1813: CA/US - Battle of Fort George. 1 Jun 1813: US/UK - The English frigate "Shannon" takes the "Chesapeake," in 15 minutes, off Boston. 3 Jun 1813: US/UK - The "Growler" and the "Eagle," which left Plattsburg, yesterday, are taken by the British gun-boats they pursued 7 Jun 1813: CA/US - Capture of Generals Chandler and Winder and 120 U.S. troops, at Burlington Heights, by Lieut. Col. Harvey. The Battle of Stoney Creek is a Canadian victory. 23 Jun 1813: CA/US - Battle of Beaver Dams is a Canadian victory, in part due to Laura Secord's famous 32 km. walk to warn Lieutenant James Fitzgibbon, who had already been warned by Indians. 30 Jul 1813: US/UK - The British destroy Plattsburg's barracks, and fire at Burlington, but avoid the reply. 10 Sep 1813: CA - The Battle of Put-in-Bay (Lake Erie) is an American victory vs. Great Britain. This ensured American control of the lake for the remainder of the war, which in turn allowed the Americans to recover Detroit and win the Battle of the Thames to break the Indian confederation of Tecumseh. 5 Oct 1813: US - The Battle of Moraviantown, also known as the Battle of the Thames, is an American victory. British supporter and Shawnee Indian Chief Tecumseh is killed. 25 Oct 1813: CA/US - The Battle of Chateauguay, with mostly French-Canadian soldiers is a Canadian victory over larger numbers of American troops. 26 Oct 1813: CA/US - General Hampton, commanding 7,000 U.S. troops, ignorant of Col. Charles de Salaberry's experience, and expecting French desertions, divides his force. Part lose their way; the rest spend their strength in a maze of obstructions. De Salaberry gains the thanks of the commander-in-chief and of both Houses, and decoration by then Prince Regent George IV . 11 Nov 1813: CA/US - The Battle of Crysler's Farm, with English-Canadian soldiers, is a Canadian victory over larger American troops. 19 Dec 1813: CA/US - Col. Murray takes Fort Niagara.
42	1814	1814: France - Napoleon abdicates, exiled to Isle of Elba 1814: UK - George Stephenson designs a steam locomotive. 1814: UK - Joseph Nicéphore Niépce was the first person to take a photograph. 1814: Germany - Joseph von Fraunhofer invents the spectrocope for the chemical analysis of glowing objects. 1814: UK - The first plastic surgery is performed 1814: NL - Op 23 mei geven de Fransen hun laatste steunpunt, Delfzijl, op. 6 May 1814: CA/US - The British, under Henry Drummond, burn Fort Oswego, on Lake Ontario. 5 Jul 1814: CA/US - The Battle of Chippawa was a victory for the American army in the War of 1812, during an invasion of Upper Canada along the Niagara River. It was the first victory for American soldiers against an equal British force in the field. 25 Jul 1814: CA/US - The United States lose about 1,000 of 3,000 at the Battle of Lundy's Lane. Aug 1814: CA - 4,000 of Wellington's veterans have reached Canada. Aug 1814: US/UK - General Ross takes Washington, D.C. Aug 1814: US/UK - At New Orleans, sharp-shooters, behind cotton bales, repulse the British. Aug 1814: US/UK - Envoys consider terms of peace, at Ghent. 1 Aug 1814: US/UK - until Nov.5, The Siege of Fort Erie was one of the last engagements between British and American forces during the Niagara campaign of the War of 1812. The Americans successfully defended Fort Erie against the British Army, but subsequently abandoned it. 11 Aug 1814: US/UK - The Battle of Plattsburgh, also known as the Battle of Lake Champlain, ended the final invasion of the northern states during the War of 1812. Fought shortly before the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the American victory denied the British leverage to demand exclusive control over the Great Lakes and any territorial gains against the New England states. Contrary to some beliefs, the Battle was decided by the naval engagement. The American victory on the lake forced Prevost to turn his army around 12 Sep 1814: US/UK - An expedition of 11,000 under Governor George Prevost, supplied to winter at Plattsburg, N.Y., seeing its fleet dispersed and the enemy gathering, retreats, abandoning stores. In 1813, Wellington desired that Prevost should not abandon his policy of defence for petty advantages, to be gained by invasion, which he could not possibly maintain. Oct 1814: US - Martin Chittenden, Governor of Vermont, regards the war "as unnecessary, unwise and hopeless, in all its offensive operations." 22 Dec 1814: US/UK - Treaty of Commerce, between the U.S. and Great Britain, signed at Ghent. 24 Dec 1814: US/UK - Treaty of Ghent ends the War of 1812. 27 Dec 1814: US/UK - Then Prince Regent George IV ratifies both treaties. One relates to boundaries and the slave trade.
43	1815	1815: Europe - Peace is established in Europe at the Congress of Vienna. 1815: UK - The Corn Laws are passed by Parliament to protect British agriculture from cheap imports 1815: UK - Start of two-year commercial boom in Britain 1815: UK - England has now 2600 miles of canals, 500 in Scotland and Ireland; China clippers take 109 days to sail 15000 miles from Canton to English Channel; Britain's population estimated at 13 million; Britain imports 82 million pounds of raw cotton, by 1860 1000 million pounds; coal output 16 million tons (30 miillion by 1835, 50 million by 1848) 1815: UK - Sir Humphry Davy invents the miner's lamp. 1815: UK - Over the next fifteen years, five new states are founded along Mississippi Valley, mostly due to people fleeing Depression; more go to Canada, as many as 20,000 some years, frequently Scots 1815: NL - Willem I, koning der Nederlanden. 1815: NL - Slag bij Waterloo. Jan 1815: US/UK - Unaware of the Treaty of Ghent, Gen. Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) wins an overwhelming victory at the Battle of New Orleans. 18 Feb 1815: CA/US/UK - The United States ratify Treaties, signed in December, 1814. Mar 1815: Elba, France - Napoleon escapes, leads French in war once more Mar 1815: CA - Parliament votes 25,000 pounds for a canal from Montreal to Lachine. 25 Mar 1815: CA/UK - Governor George Prevost informs Parliament, that then-Prince Regent George IV has ordered him to England, to answer charges of the naval commander. 18 Jun 1815: Belgium - Duke of Wellington trounces the French at Waterloo with timely help of Blucher (Prussia)
44	1816	1816: UK - Violation of game laws can result in seven years transportation 1816: CA - A steam-boat is first placed on Lake Ontario. 1816: NL - NL - Engeland geeft de koloniën terug aan Nederland. 5 Jan 1816: CA/UK - Sir George Prevost dies before consideration of Commodore Yeo's charges; but the Duke of Wellington says: "He must have returned, after the fleet was beaten, I am inclined to think he was right. I have told ministers, repeatedly, that naval superiority, on the Lakes, is a sine qua non of success in war on the frontiers of Canada, even if our object should be wholly defensive." 19 Jun 1816: CA - After several years of harassment by agents of the North West Company, Métis and Indians under Cuthbert Grant kill Robert Semple, governor of the Red River settlement, and twenty others at the Battle of Seven Oaks.
45	1817	1817: UK - Economic slump in Britain leads to the 'Blanketeers' March' and other disturbances 1817: USA - James Monroe president of the USA 1817-1825. 1817: CA - Famine in Newfoundland due to poor postwar economy. 1817: CA - Nova Scotia population estimated at 78,345. 1817: NL - NL - Hongerwinter door mislukte oogst. 18 Feb 1817: CA - Mr. McCord reads a petition for the deepening of the St. Lawrence 18 Apr 1817: CA/US/UK - The Rush-Bagot Agreement limits the number of battleships on the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain to a total of eight.
46	1818	1818: UK - Mary Shelley publishes her Frankenstein 1818: India - Britain defeats Maratha, now effective ruler of India 1818: CA - Halifax and St. John's are made free ports. 1818: CA - Dalhousie University is established. 28 Aug 1818: CA - The Governor (Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond) dies of hydrophobia.
47	1819	1819: UK - Troops intervene at a mass political reform meeting in Manchester, killing and wounding four hundred people at the 'Peterloo Massacre' 1819: UK - Singapore founded as free trade port 1819: UK - René Laënnec invents the stethoscope. 1819: UK - Samuel Fahnestock patents a 'soda fountain' 1819: CA - Cape Breton Island is annexed to Nova Scotia.
48	1820	1820: UK - A radical plot to murder the Cabinet, known as the Cato Street Conspiracy, fails 1820: UK - Trial of Queen Caroline, in which George IV attempts to divorce her for adultery 1820: UK - Death of George III, blind and insane 1820: UK - London's population estimated at 1,274,000 1820: UK - Government finances scheme to send out 6,000 settlers to Cape in South Africa 1820: UK - George IV, ruler of England to 1830. House of Hanover: Eldest son of George III, Prince Regent, from Feb 1811. 1820: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie emigrates to Canada. He served as the first mayor of the city of Toronto (1834) and was an important leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion 18 Jun 1820: CA - The Governor, Earl of Dalhousie, arrives.
49	1821	1821: UK - Jean François Champollion, employing the Rosetta Stone, established the principles for deciphering Egyptian hieroglyphics. 1821: UK - Queen Caroline is excluded from the coronation 1821: UK - Start of two years of famine in Ireland 1821: UK - Michael Faraday invents electric motor and generator Jul 1821: CA - The Hudson's Bay Company merges with arch rivals, the Montreal-based North West Company, creating unemployment for a substantial proportion of their Métis workforce. 17 Jul 1821: CA - Construction of the Lachine Canal in Montreal begins.
50	1822	1822: France - First prototype Espresso machine 1822: Ireland - Famine in Ireland prompts migration to US and Canada 1822: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau, a member of the legislative assembly since 1814, travels from Montreal to England to oppose an Act of Union identifying the French Canadians as a minority without language rights. The act is not passed in the British Parliament.
51	1823	1823: UK - The Royal Academy of Music is established in London. 1823: UK - The British Museum is extended and extensively rebuilt to house an expanding collection 1823: UK - Mackintosh (raincoat) invented by Charles Mackintosh of Scotland. 1823: Shanawdithit, the last known Beothuk is found 1823: CA - Ward Chipman replaces George Stracey Smyth as Governor of New Brunswick 1823: CA - Peter Robinson organizes land settlements of Irish Catholics to Carelton and Lanark County, Ontario. 10 May 1823: CA/UK - Louis-Joseph Papineau and John Neilson are in London to present a petition of 60,000 signatures against favouring Union of the colonies
52	1824	1824: UK - The National Gallery is established 1824: UK - Commercial boom in Britain 1824: UK - Professor Michael Faraday invents the first toy balloon. 1824: UK - Englishman Joseph Aspdin patents Portland cement, the modern building material. 1824: CA - The first Welland Canal is begun, partly in response to American initiatives in the Erie Canal. 1824: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie establishes the Colonial Advocate. 1824: CA - First Lachine Canal near Montreal is completed.
53	1825	1825: UK - Nash reconstructs Buckingham Palace. 1825: UK - Trade Unions are legalized. 1825: UK - Commercial depression in Britain 1825: UK - The world's first railway service, the Stockton and Darlington Railway opens 1825: USA - John Quincy Adams president of the USA 1825-1829. 1825: UK - William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet. 1825: Settlement of Canada, Australia and New Zealand begins in earnest over the next 25 years 1825: CA - The Peter Robinson settlement brings 2,000 poor Irish families to Scott's Plains (now Peterborough, Ontario). 1825: NL - De Java oorlog. Nederland begint een offensief tegen de Javaanse Vorsten. 2 Jan 1825: CA - The Parliament House, at Toronto, is burned. 7 Sep 1825: CA - Soldiers of the 70th Regiment subdue a fire, which consumes over eighty buildings, in Montreal. 26 Oct 1825: CA/US - US finishes ambitious Erie Canal from Buffalo to Hudson River and New York City. It puts competitive pressure on Montreal and Toronto merchant elites to finish canals.
54	1826	1826: France - One of the first print references to fondue written by Jean-Anthelme Brillat-Savarin in his Physiologie du Gout 1826: France - Physicist Joseph Niepce makes the first known photograph, View from a Window at Gras, via a heliograph process on a metal plate. 1826: NL - Malaria maakt onder de 193.333 tellende Friesche bevolking méér dan 4.000 dodelijke slachtoffers. 8 Jun 1826: CA - A mob of the ruling party, the Family Compact, destroy the Colonial Advocate's press at York. William Lyon Mackenzie, publisher, prosecutes and is awarded ₤625 in damages. 21 Sep 1826: CA - Construction of the Rideau Canal begins.
55	1827	1827: UK - Printing press can now print 4-5000 copies/hour, 11.5 million copies of newspapers pour over Britain 1827: UK - Charles Wheatstone invents the microphone. 1827: UK - John Walker invents modern matches. 1827: CA - First temperance society in Canada formed in Montreal 1827: CA - Elections overwhelmingly in favour of the Parti Patriote much to the annoyance of the British. 1827: CA - 87,000 people in Lower Canada sign a petition denouncing the political abuses of the Château Clique. A group of wealthy families, mostly British merchants, in Lower Canada in the early 19th century. 15 Mar 1827: CA - The University of Toronto is chartered
56	1828	1828: UK - The Duke of Wellington becomes British Prime Minister 1828: CA - William Lyon Mackenzie elected to the Assembly with the first Reform majority. 1828: CA - Settlement begins in Stratford, Ontario
57	1829	1829: UK - Parliament passes the Catholic Relief Act, ending most restrictions on Catholic Civil Rights. They are allowed to own property and run for public office, including parliament 1829: UK - Sir Robert Peel founds the Metropolitan Police Force, constables become known as bobbies 1829: USA - Andrew Jackson president of the USA to 1837. 1829: USA - William Austin Burt patents a typographer, a predecessor to the typewriter. 1829: France - Louis Braille invents braille printing. 1829: NL - Verboden in de kerken te begraven. 4 Jan 1829: CA - Sir John Colborne, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada founds Upper Canada College, as a feeder school to the newly formed University of Toronto and a home for the colony's upper class. 30 Nov 1829: CA - construction of the first Welland Canal is completed.
58	1830	1830: UK - Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. 1830: UK - First major cholera epidemic in Britain starts and lasts two years. 1830: Australia - Free migrants to Australia = 1500, by 1841 = 32,000 1830: UK - Starving field labourers in southern counties riot for higher wages, 19 hanged, 481 deported to Australia 1830: France - B. Thimonnier invents a sewing machine. 1830: UK - William IV, ruler of England to 1837. House of Hanover: 3rd son of George III, married Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. 1830: UK - Royal Commission finds that mail coach average speed is 9 miles per hour 1830: CA - Influenza epidemic strikes tribes of British Columbia. In 1830-33 there are multiple outbreaks of European diseases in California and Oregon. 1830: CA - Canada is divided into counties. 26 Jun 1830: UK - Death of George IV
59	1831	1831: UK - Michael Faraday, in the first in a series of Experimental Researches in Electricity, discovered the means of producing electricity from magnetism, i.e., electromagnetic induction, the generation of an electric field by a changing magnetic field. This is the principle of the dynamo 1831: UK - Swing Riots' in rural areas against the mechanization of agricultural activities. 1831: UK - The new London Bridge is opened over the River Thames 1831: UK - Population of England and Wales now 14 million 1831: UK - American, Cyrus H. McCormick invents the first commercially successful reaper. 1831: CA - A charter for a railway, from La Prairie, Quebec to St. John's, is granted; it will be the first railway in Canada. 1831: CA - Male Jews were extended full political and religious rights.
60	1832	1832: UK - The first or Great Reform Act is passed. This climax of a period of political reform extends the vote to a further 500,000 people and redistributes Parliamentary seats on a more equitable basis 1832: UK - Cholera Act 1832: UK - House-breaking, sheep-stealing and forgery removed from list of capital crimes in England 1832: UK - Commission created to look into inhumanity of transporting prisoners to Australia, another in 1837, transportation to New South Wales finally stops in 1840 1832: USA - Texas Revolutionary War: Texas vs Mexico 1832-1836. 1832: UK - Age of Coal and Iron or The Railway Age, dooms canals and stage coaches during period to 1867. Leaders are mostly Quakers of Midlands and North: Peases, Croppers, Sturges 1832: CA - Attempted assassination of William Lyon Mackenzie at Hamilton. 1832: CA - 7 800 French-Canadians are killed by the cholera epidemic - 3,800 in Quebec and 4,000 in Montreal. Meetings of French Canadians attribute the cholera to British immigrants, 52,000 having arrived in that same year. 1832: CA - The City of Montreal is incorporated. Up to this point an exit port of Quebec, it becomes a port of entry. 1832: CA - The Rideau Canal is opened after six years of construction. 30 Mar 1832: CA - Bank of Nova Scotia is founded 21 May 1832: CA - Election riots at Montreal. Three supporters of Daniel Tracey of the Parti Patriote are shot dead by government troops. Colonel MacIntosh and Captain Temple are arrested for ordering the shooting. The next day, it is announced that Tracey is elected to the Legislative Assembly for Montreal West. Jun 1832: CA - The immigrant ship The Carrick arrives in Quebec filled with Irish immigrants. A few of these immigrants are ill with cholera, which becomes an epidemic in Lower Canada. 20 Jun 1832: CA - Eighty-eight deaths from Asiatic cholera are reported at Montreal.
61	1833	1833: UK - Abolition of Slavery throughout the British Empire. 1833: UK - Parliament passes the Factory Act, prohibiting children aged less than nine from working in factories, and reducing the working hours of women and older children 1833: UK - Start of the Oxford Movement in the Anglican Church 1833: CA - Royal William, formerly operating between Quebec and Halifax, becomes first steamship to cross Atlantic. 30 Aug 1833: UK - The United Kingdom abolishes slavery in the British West Indies. 19 Sep 1833: CA - Military riot at Montreal.
62	1834	1834: UK - Charles Babbage designed a programmable mechanical calculating machine, or 'analytical engine,' that could carry out arithmetic operations specified on punch cards and choose the sequence of operations. Although the design was never built, Augusta Ada Byron wrote programs to demonstrate its potential power. 1834: UK - Robert Owen founds the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union. The government acts against 'illegal oaths' in such unionism, resulting in the Tolpuddle Martyrs being transported to Australia 1834: London, UK - Fire destroys the Palace of Westminster 1834: UK - New Poor Law Act, object to make life in the workhouse far worse than in fields and factories 1834: USA - Jacob Perkins invents an early refrigerator (really an ether ice machine). 1834: USA - Henry Blair patents a corn planter, he is the second black person to receive a U.S. patent. 23 Jan 1834: CA - The Castle of St. Louis (Quebec) is burned. 6 Mar 1834: CA - Incorporation of Toronto, heretofore York, Upper Canada. 31 Jul 1834: CA/UK - At midnight July 31, slavery comes to an end in all British territories, including British North America. To honour this important event, August 1 is celebrated as Emancipation Day in Windsor, Ontario, and elsewhere.
63	1835	1835: UK - Parliament passes the Municipal Reform Act, requiring members of town councils to be elected by ratepayers and councils to publish their financial accounts 1835: UK - Commercial boom. 'Little' railway mania across Britain starts and continues into 1836 1835: UK - Englishman Francis Pettit Smith invents the propeller. 1835: UK - Solymon Merrick patents the wrench. 1835: UK - Charles Babbage invents a mechanical calculator. 1835: CA - Joseph Howe, a Halifax printer and owner since 1828 of the weekly Novascotian, is arrested for libel but successfully argues his own case for freedom of the press. A local hero, he begins advocating the kind of responsible government that is only established in 1848. 1835: NL - Eerste spoorlijn Haarlem - Amsterdam. 1 Jun 1835: CA - Official opening of the Kingston Penitentiary.
64	1836	1836: UK - William Lovett founds London Working Men's Association, beginning of Chartism 1836: USA - Samuel Colt invented the first revolver. 1836: South Africa - Boers leave British South Africa in search of independence on Great Trek (to 1840) 1836: CA - Opening of Canada's first railway line, from St. Johns, Quebec, to La Prairie, Quebec.
65	1837	1837: UK - Charles Dickens publishes Oliver Twist, drawing attention to Britain's poor. 1837: UK - Death of William IV 1837: USA - Martin van Buren president of the USA 1837-1841. 1837: UK - English schoolmaster Rowland Hill invents the postage stamp. 1837: UK - Victoria I, ruler of England to 1901. House of Hanover: Daughter of Edward, 4th son of George III 1837: CA - Population of Upper Canada is 397,489. 1837: CA - British attempts to unite the colonies of Upper and Lower Canada lead to revolt. Two separate rebellions, one in Upper and one in Lower Canada, fail to dislodge entrenched elites. 1837: CA - Black militia units participate in putting down the rebellion in Upper Canada. 1837: CA - British parliament passes Coercion Bill, seizes Lower Canada treasury. 1837: CA - Unlike Upper and Lower Canada, other Canadian territories move toward responsible government without rebellion. New Brunswick accepts the British offer to allow their assembly more revenue control over salaries of public servants and judges. Nova Scotia agrees to the same conditions in 1839. Jul 1837: UK - Births, deaths and marriages must be registered by law
66	1838	1838: UK - The Anti-Corn Law League is established. Publication of the People's Charter. The start of Chartism 1838: CA/US - Conflict over the New Brunswick-Maine border begins in the Aroostook River area. 1838: CA - The Customs House, at Montreal, is finished. 1838: CA - The population of Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island is 1,282,000. 1838: US - The governors of New York and Vermont forbid interference with Canadian difficulties. 27 May 1838: CA - As governor general and high commissioner of British North America, Lord Durham arrives to investigate the circumstances behind the Rebellions of 1837. 3 Nov 1838: CA - Second uprising in Lower Canada. Battle of the Windmill at Prescott, Upper Canada. 10 Nov 1838: CA - The rebels gain a victory at Beauharnois.
67	1839	1839: USA - First use of OK in print (in Boston Morning Post) 1839: UK - William Henry Fox-Talbot produces photographs from negatives 1839: France - Louis Daguerre and J.N. Niepce co-invent Daguerreotype photography. 1839: UK - Kirkpatrick Macmillan invents a bicycle. 1839: USA - Charles Goodyear invents rubber vulcanization. 1839: UK - Welshman Sir William Robert Grove conceives of the first hydrogen fuel cell. 1839: USA - Thaddeus Fairbanks invents platform scales. 1839: UK - First railway timetable published by Quaker Bradshaw 1839: China - The Opium Wars until 1842, Britain forces China to take European goods 1839: CA - Mount Allison University founded by Charles Frederick Allison in Sackville, New Brunswick. 1839: CA - First Horse Railway in Upper Canada. 1839: NL - Nederland erkent de onafhankelijkheid van België. 1839: NL - Fotografie wordt uitgevonden. 26 Sep 1839: CA - Canadian rebels (that were not executed) are transported to New South Wales.
68	1840	1840: UK - Victoria I marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 1840: UK - There are reckoned to be 107 accountants in London 1840: New Zealand - New Zealand annexed 1840: UK - Englishman John Herschel invents the blueprint. 1840: Australia - During period to 1853 convicts are still sent to Tasmania at the rate of about 4,000 per year 1840: UK - Queen Victoria begins dressing the princes in kilts and sailor suits. 1840: NL - Willem I doet afstand van de regering. Willem II wordt koning der Nederlanden. 6 May 1840: CA - Postage stamps come into use. 23 Jul 1840: CA - Act of Union. The Queen sanctions the union of Upper and Lower Canada. The United Canada Act allows larger government to borrow more money.
69	1841	1841: UK - The first British Census recording the names of the populace is undertaken. 1841: UK - The Tories come to power. Sir Robert Peel becomes Prime Minister 1841: USA - William Henry Harrison president of the USA. He succumbed to pneumonia in 1841. 1841: USA - John Tyler president of the USA to 1845. He is the first vice president to succeed to the presidency due to death of a president. 1841: UK - Samuel Slocum patents the stapler. 1841: CA - The Dawn Settlement in what is now Dresden, Ontario, is established to provide self-help for Blacks in agricultural communities. 1841: NL - Clemens en August Brenninkmeijer openen hun eerste winkel op de Oosterdijk in Sneek. 13 Jun 1841: CA - First Parliament of Canada meets at Kingston.
70	1842	1842: UK - First Christmas card 1842: UK - First UK public telegraph lines, from Paddington to Slough and Gosport to London 1842: UK - Lord Shaftesbury's Mines Act forbids underground work for women and children under 10 1842: China - Hong Kong annexed 1842: UK - Joseph Dart builds the first grain elevator. 1842: CA - The first Railway in Nova Scotia is begun. 9 Aug 1842: CA/US - The Webster-Ashburton Treaty ends the Aroostook War, settling once and for all the Maine-New Brunswick border dispute. 16 Oct 1842: CA - Queen's University is founded
71	1843	1843: UK - Alexander Bain (1818-1903) invented an early fax machine 1843: UK - About 2000 miles of railway lines now laid 1843: CA - Fort Victoria built by British to strengthen their claim to Vancouver Island. 1843: CA - The Cornwall and Chambly Canals are opened. 1843: CA/US - Survey of Boundary between the U.S. and Canada is begun. 9 Dec 1843: CA - Bishop's University is founded
72	1844	1844: UK - Charles Darwin wrote, but didn't publish, an essay presaging the theory of the origin of species. 1844: USA - Samuel Finley Breese Morse demonstrates a telegraph, using a code of his own invention 1844: UK - Parliament passes the Bank Charter Act 1844: Yorkshire, UK - Foundation of the Rochdale Co-Operative Society - Chartist and Owenite workers of Rochdale open Rochdale Pioneers Store (cooperative) in Toad (T'owd) Lane 1844: UK - Royal Commission on the Health of Towns 1844: UK - Two years of railway mania begins across Britain. Massive investment and speculation leads to the laying of 5,000 miles of track 1844: UK - Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded 1844: UK - Englishman John Mercer invents mercerized cotton. 1844: UK - Ten Hours Bill limited working hours for women and youths in textile business to 10 hours/day, passes thanks to Lord Shaftesbury's efforts during period to 1847 1844: NL - Zeer strenge winter en de 2 jaren daarop mislukken de aardappeloogsten. De bevolking lijdt honger. 5 Mar 1844: CA - The Toronto Globe is founded by George Brown 10 May 1844: CA - Government moves from Kingston to Montreal.
73	1845	1845: Ireland - Irish Potato Famine kills more than a million people in two years 1845: UK - Frederick Engels publishes The Condition of the Working Class in England 1845: UK - There are reckoned to be 210 accountants in London 1845: UK - General Enclosure Act, further enclosure prohibited 1845: USA - James Polk president of the USA to 1849. 1845: USA - American Elias Howe invents a sewing machine. 1845: UK - Robert William Thomson patents the first vulcanised rubber pneumatic tyre. 1845: India - Conquest of Punjab and Kashmir (to 1849) 1845: CA - Halifax native Samuel Cunard chooses Boston as the western terminus for his steamships. 1845: CA - Lord Cathcart, the new governor, arrives.
74	1846	1846: UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade 1846: UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854 1846: USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848. 1846: USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction. 1846: CA/UK - The Irish potato famine begins, marking a change in the composition of Irish immigrating to Canada from mostly rich, well-connected, respectable Protestants to vastly poor, ill-equipped, poorly-treated Catholics. 1846: CA - Mines north of Lake Superior are explored. 1846: CA - The new canal, from Lachine, overcomes a fall of 42 ft., in 8 1/2 miles, by two locks of 13 ft. and two of 8 ft. Equal fall of the whole river would wield 4,500,000 horse power. 1846: NL - Voedselschaarste in Drenthe 1846: NL - Emigratie naar Michigan (USA) uit Drenthe komt op gang. Eerste 56 Drenthen vertrekken. 16 May 1846: CA/UK - Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade. 9 Jun 1846: CA - Burning of St. John's, Newfoundland. 12 Jun 1846: CA- Theatre burned at Quebec. 15 Jun 1846: CA/US/UK - Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.
75	1847	1847: UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform 1847: USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans 1847: UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics. 1847: CA - St. Lawrence canal system completed. Faster and cheaper than US system, but growing US railroads are now the real threat. 1847: CA - Typhus outbreak as over 3,000 immigrants arrive in Bytown (Ottawa) in the height of summer. The Rideau Canal is shutdown to prevent further spread of the outbreak. 167 die in quarantine. 1847: CA/US - Outbreak of measles among the Cayuse of the Pacific Northwest. 1847: NL - Een duur jaar, een 6 ponds roggebrood kost 67,5 cent. 30 Jan 1847: CA - Lord Elgin, Governor, arrives at Montreal. 1 Sep 1847: CA - Lord Elgin visits the immigrant 'fever' sheds at Pointe St. Charles, Montreal. 18 Oct 1847: CA - Telegraph Line from Quebec to London, Canada West, complete. 23 Oct 1847: CA - 65 immigrants die in a week at Pointe St. Charles neighbourhood of Montreal. 1 Nov 1847: CA - 9,634 deaths of immigrants since 1st Jan 19 Nov 1847: CA - The railway from Montreal to Lachine is opened.
76	1848	1848: UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London. 1848: UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act 1848: UK - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital 1848: UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years 1848: UK - Queen's College for Women founded 1848: CA - First telegraph lines in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. 1848: NL - Grondwetsherziening door Thorbecke. 1848: NL - Aanleg van de weg Assen-Bareveld voltooid. 2 Jan 1848: CA - Maple sugar is made in St. Anselme. 20 Sep 1848: CA - Opening of the Jesuits' College, Montreal.
77	1849	1849: USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office. 1849: UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin. 1849: CA - The Beauharnois Canal, just southwest of Montreal is opened. 1849: CA/US - The boundary at the 49th parallel is extended to the Pacific Ocean (bisecting Point Roberts, Washington). 1849: CA - The Courthouse Rebellion is launched by the Red River Métis. 1849: NL - Koning Willem II overlijdt aan een hartinfarct. Op 12 mei wordt koning Willem III ingehuldigd. 1849: NL - De Denen blokkeren de Pruisische havens. Op de rede van Delfzijl liggen in een maand 173 vreemde schepen. 1 Jan 1849: CA - King's College becomes the University of Toronto 7 Apr 1849: CA - A large fire engulfs Toronto's downtown section. Started at 1 a.m. of an unknown cause, it started behind a tavern in the market section catching some hay then spread rapidly before destroying numerous buildings, including St. James cathedral. Flames could be seen from across Lake Ontario at St. Catharines, 40 km distant. May 1849: CA - The Hayes House in Dalhousie Square, leased for Parliamentary purposes. The parliament is to sit alternately in Quebec City and Toronto.
78	1850	1850: USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent 1850: UK - First machine-made paper bag 1850: UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers 1850: USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death. 1850: US - In the United States, the Fugitive Slave Act is passed. It provides that even free persons can be made a slave if suspected of being a runaway. As a result, more fugitive slaves and free Black persons come to Canada. 1850: CA - The site of John By's headquarters during the construction of the Rideau Canal is incorporated as Bytown (now Ottawa). 1850: CA - Gold discovered in British Columbia, and coal on Vancouver Island. 1850: CA - The Canadian government passes the Railway Guarantee Act. 1850: NL - Ridderschap in Drenthe afgeschaft. 1850: NL - Drenthe telt 82 kilometer verharde weg: het grootste deel langs de Drentsche Hoofdvaart. 11 Oct 1850: CA - The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad opens
79	1851	1851: UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success 1851: UK - Window tax abolished 1851: USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer 1851: UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen 1851: Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais 1851: London, UK - Reuters opens news agency 1851: Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin 1851: Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861 1851: CA - The United Kingdom transfers control of the colonial postal system to Canada. 1851: NL - Het katholieke kerkhof te Oude Pekela aangelegd. 25 Apr 1851: CA - Prince Edward Island wins responsible government 30 Aug 1851: CA - The Vancouver Island legislature meets for the first time Sep 1851: Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851 11 Oct 1851: CA - The St. L. & A. Railway is opened to Richmond.
80	1852	1852: UK - Death of the Duke of Wellington 1852: UK - Derby's first minority Conservative government 1852: UK - Aberdeen's coalition government is established 1852: NL - De postzegels worden ingevoerd. 15 Jan 1852: CA - Trinity College opens 8 Jul 1852: CA - Beginning of a fire which burns 11,000 houses in Montreal. Oct 1852: CA - he Bank of Montreal issues notes like the Bank of England's; denomination water-marked. 25 Oct 1852: CA - The Toronto Stock Exchange opens 8 Dec 1852: CA - Laval's Seminaire du Quebec founds Université Laval, North America's oldest French Language university.
81	1853	1853: UK - Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum. 1853: Crimea - Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals 1853: UK - Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory 1853: UK - Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold 1853: UK - William Gladstone presents his first budget 1853: UK - Franklin Pierce president of the USA 1853-1857. 1853: The Grand Trunk Railway is Chartered. It was a railway system which operated in Quebec and Ontario, as well as Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec. The Grand Trunk and its subsidiaries, along with the Canadian Government Railways, was a primary precursor of today's Canadian National Railways. The GTR had three important subsidiaries during its lifetime: Central Vermont Railway which operated in Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut. Grand Trunk Pacific Railway which operated in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia. Grand Trunk Western Railroad which operated in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois. 1853: CA - Mary Ann Shadd becomes the first woman in North America to become editor of a newspaper. Working out of Chatham, Ontario, she publishes, edits and writes in the Provincial Freeman, a newspaper serving the Black community in Ontario. 23 Feb 1853: CA - A description of the proposed bridge across the St. Lawrence is published 6 Jun 1853: CA - Gavazzi Riot in Quebec are quelled by military.
82	1854	1854: UK - The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published 1854: UK - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics. 1854: UK - Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia 1854: CA - Establishment of the African Baptist Association of Nova Scotia 1854: NL - Lijfstraffen geschrapt uit het strafrecht. De doodstraf wordt beperkt tot ophanging boven een luik. 1854: NL - Het KNMI wordt bij koninklijk besluit van Koning Willem III opgericht. 27 Jan 1854: CA - The Great Western Railway opens, linking Toronto, Hamilton and Windsor. 27 Oct 1854: CA - A Great Western Railway passenger train collides with the tail end of gravel train at Baptiste Creek, Canada West. At least 52 people are killed.
83	1855	1855: UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump. 1855: UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power 1 Jan 1855: CA - own is renamed Ottawa. 8 Mar 1855: CA/US - A bridge over the Niagara River near Niagara Falls is completed 17 Apr 1855: CA - Charlottetown incorporated as a city
84	1856	1856: Crimea - Crimean War comes to an end. 1856: UK - The Victoria Cross is instituted for military bravery 1856: UK - Every county and borough required to employ police force 1856: UK - Marriage and Divorce Act permits any man to divorce his wife on grounds of adultery, permits woman same but has to also show cruelty or desertion; beforehand, a special Act of Parliament was required for divorce 1856: UK - Britons panicked by false rumours of Napoleon III's designs on Britain 1856: UK - John Stuart Mill publishes Liberty 1856: Great novels: Dickens, Dumas, Flaubert, Turgenev, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy 1856: France - Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation. 1856: New Zealand - Population of New Zealand rises from less than 60,000 to 350,000 in the period to 1878 1856: CA - The Grand Trunk Railway opens its Sarnia-Toronto-Montreal line. 1856: NL - De treinramp van 1856 was de eerste waarbij dodelijke slachtoffers vielen onder reizigers.
85	1857	1857: Atlantic - Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful. 1857: China - The Second Opium War opens China to European trade. 1857: India - The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent 1857: USA - James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861. 1857: USA - George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel. 1857: CA - Grand Trunk Railway (Windsor-Montreal) completed, but $7 million in debt. 1857: CA/UK - Queen Victoria names Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada. 1857: CA - The Palliser Expedition begins its exploration of Western Canada. 1857: CA - Coal mining begins at Coal Harbor on the Kenai Peninsula. 12 Mar 1857: CA - The bridge over Desjardins Canal, near Hamilton, Canada West, collapses under a Great Western Railway passenger train. About 60 people die. 31 Dec 1857: CA - Ottawa is chosen as the new capital of the Canadas