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 1845 - 1857 (12 years)
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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1845 | |
| 2 | 1846 | - 1846: UK - Repeal of the Corn Laws, Britain moves towards complete free trade
- 1846: UK - Electric Telegraph Company formed, 17 offices by 1854
- 1846: USA - Mexican-American War 1846-1848.
- 1846: USA - Dr. William Morton, a Massachusetts dentist, is the first to use anesthesia for tooth extraction.
- 1846: CA/UK - The Irish potato famine begins, marking a change in the composition of Irish immigrating to Canada from mostly rich, well-connected, respectable Protestants to vastly poor, ill-equipped, poorly-treated Catholics.
- 1846: CA - Mines north of Lake Superior are explored.
- 1846: CA - The new canal, from Lachine, overcomes a fall of 42 ft., in 8 1/2 miles, by two locks of 13 ft. and two of 8 ft. Equal fall of the whole river would wield 4,500,000 horse power.
- 1846: NL - Voedselschaarste in Drenthe
- 1846: NL - Emigratie naar Michigan (USA) uit Drenthe komt op gang. Eerste 56 Drenthen vertrekken.
- 16 May 1846: CA/UK - Under the leadership of British Prime Minister Robert Peel, the British Parliament repeals the Corn Laws, replacing the old Colonial mercantile trade system with Free Trade.
- 9 Jun 1846: CA - Burning of St. John's, Newfoundland.
- 12 Jun 1846: CA- Theatre burned at Quebec.
- 15 Jun 1846: CA/US/UK - Britain and United States settle the long-disputed boundary across the Columbia District or Oregon Country from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific, by drawing the boundary across the mountains along the 49th Parallel to the Strait of Georgia, and leaving the Colony of Vancouver Island, established in 1843, intact.
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| 3 | 1847 | - 1847: UK - Flourens discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform
- 1847: USA - Levi Strauss invents denim jeans
- 1847: UK - Hungarian Ignaz Semmelweis invents antisceptics.
- 1847: CA - St. Lawrence canal system completed. Faster and cheaper than US system, but growing US railroads are now the real threat.
- 1847: CA - Typhus outbreak as over 3,000 immigrants arrive in Bytown (Ottawa) in the height of summer. The Rideau Canal is shutdown to prevent further spread of the outbreak. 167 die in quarantine.
- 1847: CA/US - Outbreak of measles among the Cayuse of the Pacific Northwest.
- 1847: NL - Een duur jaar, een 6 ponds roggebrood kost 67,5 cent.
- 30 Jan 1847: CA - Lord Elgin, Governor, arrives at Montreal.
- 1 Sep 1847: CA - Lord Elgin visits the immigrant 'fever' sheds at Pointe St. Charles, Montreal.
- 18 Oct 1847: CA - Telegraph Line from Quebec to London, Canada West, complete.
- 23 Oct 1847: CA - 65 immigrants die in a week at Pointe St. Charles neighbourhood of Montreal.
- 1 Nov 1847: CA - 9,634 deaths of immigrants since 1st Jan
- 19 Nov 1847: CA - The railway from Montreal to Lachine is opened.
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| 4 | 1848 | - 1848: UK - Major Chartist demonstration in London.
- 1848: UK - Parliament passes the Public Health Act
- 1848: UK - Karl Marx publishes The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital
- 1848: UK - 5000 miles of railway tracks now laid, 2000 of which were equipped with telegraph wires; Britain now produces about half of world's pig iron, trebles output within 30 years
- 1848: UK - Queen's College for Women founded
- 1848: CA - First telegraph lines in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick.
- 1848: NL - Grondwetsherziening door Thorbecke.
- 1848: NL - Aanleg van de weg Assen-Bareveld voltooid.
- 2 Jan 1848: CA - Maple sugar is made in St. Anselme.
- 20 Sep 1848: CA - Opening of the Jesuits' College, Montreal.
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| 5 | 1849 | - 1849: USA - Zachary Taylor president of the USA 1849-1850. Zachary Taylor died while in office.
- 1849: UK - Walter Hunt invents the safety pin.
- 1849: CA - The Beauharnois Canal, just southwest of Montreal is opened.
- 1849: CA/US - The boundary at the 49th parallel is extended to the Pacific Ocean (bisecting Point Roberts, Washington).
- 1849: CA - The Courthouse Rebellion is launched by the Red River Métis.
- 1849: NL - Koning Willem II overlijdt aan een hartinfarct. Op 12 mei wordt koning Willem III ingehuldigd.
- 1849: NL - De Denen blokkeren de Pruisische havens. Op de rede van Delfzijl liggen in een maand 173 vreemde schepen.
- 1 Jan 1849: CA - King's College becomes the University of Toronto
- 7 Apr 1849: CA - A large fire engulfs Toronto's downtown section. Started at 1 a.m. of an unknown cause, it started behind a tavern in the market section catching some hay then spread rapidly before destroying numerous buildings, including St. James cathedral. Flames could be seen from across Lake Ontario at St. Catharines, 40 km distant.
- May 1849: CA - The Hayes House in Dalhousie Square, leased for Parliamentary purposes. The parliament is to sit alternately in Quebec City and Toronto.
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| 6 | 1850 | - 1850: USA - American Joel Houghton invented the first dishwasher. He made it out of wood, and gave it a hand-turned wheel that splashed water on the dishes inside. It didn't really work, but it did get the first 'dishwasher' patent
- 1850: UK - First machine-made paper bag
- 1850: UK - Mines Inspectorate created, helps protect adult male mine workers
- 1850: USA - Millard Fillmore president of the USA 1850-1853. Vice president under Zachary Taylor, he was sworn in as president after Taylor's death.
- 1850: US - In the United States, the Fugitive Slave Act is passed. It provides that even free persons can be made a slave if suspected of being a runaway. As a result, more fugitive slaves and free Black persons come to Canada.
- 1850: CA - The site of John By's headquarters during the construction of the Rideau Canal is incorporated as Bytown (now Ottawa).
- 1850: CA - Gold discovered in British Columbia, and coal on Vancouver Island.
- 1850: CA - The Canadian government passes the Railway Guarantee Act.
- 1850: NL - Ridderschap in Drenthe afgeschaft.
- 1850: NL - Drenthe telt 82 kilometer verharde weg: het grootste deel langs de Drentsche Hoofdvaart.
- 11 Oct 1850: CA - The St. Lawrence and Atlantic Railroad opens
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| 7 | 1851 | - 1851: UK - The Great Exhibition is staged in Hyde Park. Thanks to Prince Albert, it is a great success
- 1851: UK - Window tax abolished
- 1851: USA - Patent for sewing machine issued to Isaac Singer
- 1851: UK - British Census shows 10,736,000 females, 8,155,000 of whom were aged 10 and older, largest occupational group domestic service workers, 905,000, 145,000 washerwomen, 55,000 charwomen (cleaners), 272,000 in cotton industry, 113,000 in woolen industry, 140,000 in lace, hosiery and linen
- 1851: Europe - First submarine cable, Dover to Calais
- 1851: London, UK - Reuters opens news agency
- 1851: Africa - Livingstone's explorations begin
- 1851: Australia - Population of Australia rises from 405,000 in 1851 to 1,168,000 in 1861
- 1851: CA - The United Kingdom transfers control of the colonial postal system to Canada.
- 1851: NL - Het katholieke kerkhof te Oude Pekela aangelegd.
- 25 Apr 1851: CA - Prince Edward Island wins responsible government
- 30 Aug 1851: CA - The Vancouver Island legislature meets for the first time
- Sep 1851: Melbourne, Australia - Gold fever - 19,000 immigrants land in one month, for the whole year 94,664, seven times as many as 1851
- 11 Oct 1851: CA - The St. L. & A. Railway is opened to Richmond.
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| 8 | 1852 | - 1852: UK - Death of the Duke of Wellington
- 1852: UK - Derby's first minority Conservative government
- 1852: UK - Aberdeen's coalition government is established
- 1852: NL - De postzegels worden ingevoerd.
- 15 Jan 1852: CA - Trinity College opens
- 8 Jul 1852: CA - Beginning of a fire which burns 11,000 houses in Montreal.
- Oct 1852: CA - he Bank of Montreal issues notes like the Bank of England's; denomination water-marked.
- 25 Oct 1852: CA - The Toronto Stock Exchange opens
- 8 Dec 1852: CA - Laval's Seminaire du Quebec founds Université Laval, North America's oldest French Language university.
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| 9 | 1853 | - 1853: UK - Potato crisps invented by a cook named George Crum.
- 1853: Crimea - Florence Nightingale first recommended the regimen of cleanliness which dramatically reduced the death rate in hospitals
- 1853: UK - Vaccination against smallpox is made compulsory
- 1853: UK - Queen Victoria uses chloroform during birth of Prince Leopold
- 1853: UK - William Gladstone presents his first budget
- 1853: UK - Franklin Pierce president of the USA 1853-1857.
- 1853: The Grand Trunk Railway is Chartered. It was a railway system which operated in Quebec and Ontario, as well as Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont. The railway was operated from headquarters in Montreal, Quebec. The Grand Trunk and its subsidiaries, along with the Canadian Government Railways, was a primary precursor of today's Canadian National Railways.
The GTR had three important subsidiaries during its lifetime:
Central Vermont Railway which operated in Quebec, Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut.
Grand Trunk Pacific Railway which operated in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia.
Grand Trunk Western Railroad which operated in Michigan, Indiana, and Illinois.
- 1853: CA - Mary Ann Shadd becomes the first woman in North America to become editor of a newspaper. Working out of Chatham, Ontario, she publishes, edits and writes in the Provincial Freeman, a newspaper serving the Black community in Ontario.
- 23 Feb 1853: CA - A description of the proposed bridge across the St. Lawrence is published
- 6 Jun 1853: CA - Gavazzi Riot in Quebec are quelled by military.
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| 10 | 1854 | - 1854: UK - The Northcote-Trevelyan civil service report is published
- 1854: UK - John Tyndall demonstrates the principles of fiber optics.
- 1854: UK - Crimean War begins, as Britain and France attempt to defend European interests in the Middle East against Russia
- 1854: CA - Establishment of the African Baptist Association of Nova Scotia
- 1854: NL - Lijfstraffen geschrapt uit het strafrecht. De doodstraf wordt beperkt tot ophanging boven een luik.
- 1854: NL - Het KNMI wordt bij koninklijk besluit van Koning Willem III opgericht.
- 27 Jan 1854: CA - The Great Western Railway opens, linking Toronto, Hamilton and Windsor.
- 27 Oct 1854: CA - A Great Western Railway passenger train collides with the tail end of gravel train at Baptiste Creek, Canada West. At least 52 people are killed.
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| 11 | 1855 | - 1855: UK - John Snow, investigating London's piped water supply, showed graphically that cholera could be transmitted by water from a particular pump.
- 1855: UK - Palmerston's first government comes to power
- 1 Jan 1855: CA - own is renamed Ottawa.
- 8 Mar 1855: CA/US - A bridge over the Niagara River near Niagara Falls is completed
- 17 Apr 1855: CA - Charlottetown incorporated as a city
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| 12 | 1856 | |
| 13 | 1857 | - 1857: Atlantic - Cyrus Field made his first attempt at laying a trans-Atlantic telegraph cable. In 1866, his fourth attempt was successful.
- 1857: China - The Second Opium War opens China to European trade.
- 1857: India - The Indian Mutiny erupts against British Rule on the sub-continent
- 1857: USA - James Buchanan president of the USA 1857-1861.
- 1857: USA - George Pullman invents the Pullman Sleeping Car for train travel.
- 1857: CA - Grand Trunk Railway (Windsor-Montreal) completed, but $7 million in debt.
- 1857: CA/UK - Queen Victoria names Ottawa as capital of the Province of Canada.
- 1857: CA - The Palliser Expedition begins its exploration of Western Canada.
- 1857: CA - Coal mining begins at Coal Harbor on the Kenai Peninsula.
- 12 Mar 1857: CA - The bridge over Desjardins Canal, near Hamilton, Canada West, collapses under a Great Western Railway passenger train. About 60 people die.
- 31 Dec 1857: CA - Ottawa is chosen as the new capital of the Canadas
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